Question

Chimps will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random ---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world.

The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.

1.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?

A. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.

B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.

C. Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.

D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.

2.Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they_________.

A. know the world better than chimps

B. know how to offer help to adults

C. have the instinct to help others

D. trust adults with their hands full

3.The passage is mainly about _________.

A. cooperation as a distinctive human nature

B. ways to train children’s shared intentionality

C. the helping behaviors of young children

D. the development of intelligence in children

Answer

uman children are extremely cooperative.”(2)“babies aged 18 months …will immediately try to help.” (3)“…the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children.”☞C选项have the instinct to help others ☞关键词 appropriate和proper。

1.A

主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从黑猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私地帮助他人的本能。分析了人类愿意帮助他人，愿意与他人合作的本能的原因，B,C,D项都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想，因而A是正确的。

【解析】 本文是科普教育类文章。通过实验得出，黑猩猩出生就缺乏合作意识，他们天生就不会与他人分享食物，并且非常自私。与之相反的是人类，从婴儿就开始有合作的意识，有帮助他人并与他人分享的欲望。这篇文章从多个方面证明了合作意识是人类生来就有的本能。

1.C

主旨大意题。根据第二段“If a chimp is put in a cage he will pull at random ---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.”可知如果一只黑猩猩被关在笼子里，在那里他可以为自己拉一盘子食物…他只是不在乎邻居是否得到了食物。黑猩猩真的很自私。由此可分析出黑猩猩非常自私，很少关心他人的利益。故C符合题意。

【名师点睛】推理判断解题方法：

推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；（2）逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。

2.C

【解题剖析】此题属于推理判断题中的 根据事实细节，推断合理信息。答案需要从文章的(1)第三段的中心句“Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperative.”(2)“He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.” (3)“There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children.”进行推断。

【答案定位】根据(1)第三段的中心句“Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperative.”人类的孩子就非常具有合作意识。 (2)“He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.” 他发现，如果18个月大的婴儿看到一个不相关的成年人因双手满是东西而无法打开扇门，几乎所有的婴儿都会立即伸出援助之手。以及(3)第四段第一句“There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children.” 有几个理由相信，帮助、告知和分享的欲望不是被教导的，但却自然地存在于年幼的孩子身上。

【推理关系】题干 Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they_________.☞文章内容Human children are extremely cooperative.”(2)“babies aged 18 months …will immediately try to help.” (3)“…the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children.”