A rapidly advancing contemporary science that is highly dependent on new tools is Earth system science. Earth system science involves observation and measurements on the Earth at all scales from the largest to the smallest. The huge amounts of data that are gathered come from many different locations and require special techniques for handling data. Important new tools that facilitate Earth system science include satellite remote sensing, small deep-sea submarines, and geographic information systems.
More than any other way of gathering evidence, satellite observations continually remind us that each part of the Earth interacts with and is dependent on all other parts.
Earth system science was born from the realization of that interdependence. Satellite remote sensing makes possible observations at large scales, and in many cases, measurements of factors that could not otherwise be measured. For example, the ozone hole over Antarctica--the decrease in the concentration of ozone high in the atmosphere--is measured by remote sensing, as are changes in deserts, forests, and farmlands around the world. Such measurements can be used in many areas of specialization besides Earth system science. Archaeology, for example, has benefited from satellite observations that reveal the traces of ancient trade routes across the Arabian Desert.
New tools for exploring previously inaccessible areas of the Earth have also added greatly to our knowledge of the Earth system. Small deep-sea submarines allow scientists to travel to the depths of the ocean. There they have discovered new species and ecosystems thriving near deep-sea vents that emit heat, sasses, and mineral-rich water.
Just as important as new methods of measurement and exploration are new ways to store and analyze data about the Earth system. Computer-based software programs known as geographic information systems, or GIS, allow a large number of data points to be stored along with their locations. These can be used to produce maps and to compare different sets of information gathered at different times. For example, satellite remote sensing images of a forest can be converted to represent stages in the forest's growth. Two such images, made at different times can be overlaid and compared, and the changes that have taken place can be represented in a new image.
1.The word "facilitate" in Paragraph I is closest in meaning to ________.
A. enable B. require C. organize D. examine
2.The author of the passage mentions that satellite observations are especially effective in ________.
A. conducting scientific studies of life on the ocean floor
B. predicting future climate changes
C. providing data to determine Earth's age
D. demonstrating interactions among all of Earth's parts
3.According to the passage, satellite observations of the Arabian Desert allow archaeologists to know ________.
A). indications of ancient routes
B. evidence of former lakes
C. traces of early farms
D. remains of ancient forests
4.What is the main idea of the passage?
A. special techniques are needed to classify the huge amounts of data about Earth.
B. New tools provide information about Earth that was once impossible to obtain.
C. Advances in Earth system science have resolved many environmental problems.
D. Satellite remote sensing can show changes between two images taken years apart.
SELF-REFLECTION OF TEACHING PRACTICES READING, WRITING,TALKING
School: | Date: |
Grade(s) presently teaching: | |
Please do not sign your name. Mark the responses that most nearly reflect your teaching practices. This is one way to reflect your practices and how much you got out of it.
Keep one copy and give one to your tutor(s0.
HOW OFTEN:
0=never 1=rarely 2=sometimes (1-2x/ week)
3=moderately(3x/week) 4=often(4x/week) 5=daily
DEVELOPMENT APPROPRIATENESS:I provide opportunities for students to use literacy for their own purposes using previous knowledge, developmentally appropriate strategies and world experiences | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
EVIRONMENT: I use flexible grouping, e.g. pairs, small groups of different levels, small needs-based groups, and working alone. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
KNOWLEDGE CONSTRUCTION: I provide opportunities for students to interpret literary and informational texts before, during and after reading or listening by talking, writing, enacting, drawing, etc. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING: I assess students’ use of literacy strategies using this information to measure student progress and refocus my own teaching. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
DEMONSTRATION OF STRATEGIES: I read aloud to students and write in front of them, using literary and informational texts. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
READING STRATEGIES: I instruct students to read strategically, e.g. to reflect, predict, decode, question, connect, retell, summarize, map, etc. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
WRITING STRATEGIES: I provide opportunities for students to work through the writing processes alone and with others, e.g. thinking about purposes and audiences, prewriting, drafting, revising, editing and publishing. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
SELF-SELECTION: I provide time for the self-selection of books for independent reading in the classroom, and for book sharing. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
DEVELOPING MEANING: I provide clear targets to students to develop higher levels of learning, e.g. What does it mean? Why do I need to know it? How will I use it? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
EXTENTION OF LEARNING: I provide opportunities and activities for students to learn more about topics of their choice through problem-based learning assignments, etc. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
BUILDING SUCCESS: I structure lessons/activities that provide opportunities for all students to experience success. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
1.According to the passage, who most probably mark the responses in the form?
A. Professional tutors. B. Language teachers.
C. Personal physician. D. Psychological therapist.
2.According to the passage, which frequency degree would you choose if you carry out the practice in the form not at all often?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
3.Mr. Kent bears EXTENTION OF LEARNING idea in mind, he quite often tends to _______.
A. always set groups to encourage students to work out something by putting heads together
B. prepare grade-level materials for teaching
C. develop students reading skills during pre- while-and- post-reading stage
D. provide students with extra learning materials to further their study
4. Mrs. Grace likes to share her version of tasks outcome in class, which could be labeled _____.
A. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING B. KNOWLEDGE CONSTRUCTION
C. DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES D. SELF-SELECTION
Iceland, an island just south of the Arctic Circle, has fairly mild winters, thanks to warm ocean currents. Time your vacation here during the winter months to take advantage of off-season deals.
Off-season means good deals on flights, hotels and tours. You may also find that the locals are a bit friendlier and more welcoming when tourists aren’t arriving in crowds.
In the winter months, there are less than seven hours of daylight; thus, chances are good you’ll catch sight of the northern lights. Sunsets are also beautiful at this time, making for some great photo opportunities.
In Iceland, winter is the perfect time to hike glaciers, go ice climbing, explore caves made out of hardened lava(岩浆) and much more. One of the most popular activities is off-roading(越野比赛) in a specially-equipped “super jeep”.
Before booking your trip, be sure to check for volcano alerts. There are about 130 volcanoes on or around Iceland. Thirty-five of them are active. In 2010, a volcano named Eyjaallajokull exploded, sending clouds of ash up to four kilometers into the atmosphere. The ash drifted toward the UK and Europe. Because the ask could damage aircraft engines, airlines operating in the region were forced to cancel flights for six days. As a result, thousands of people were stuck in airports.
Recently, another volcano named Bardarbunga has become active, erupting ash into the air. Such events, if large enough, could prevent your trip from going ahead. So check the latest volcano news prior to making your reservations.
1. According to this article, why are you more likely to see the northern lights in the winter?
A. They move from rural areas to cities.
B. The weather is more stable at that time.
C. They’re a special feature of many festivals.
D. The sky is dark for longer periods then.
2. According to the article, how do visitors to Iceland have fun in the winter?
A. They learn how to ski down the mountains.
B. They photograph famous historic sites..
C. They explore the countryside in well made vehicles..
D. They spend a week at one of the seaside resorts.
3. What is true about the volcanoes of Iceland?
A. The majority of them are quiet.
B. Their age hasn’t been determined.
C. All but one of them are extinct.
D. Citizens aren’t affected by them.
4. What does this article explain?.
A. Some of Iceland’s urban cultural attractions.
B. A way t reduce the cost of a trip to Iceland.
C. Reasons for visiting Iceland in June and July.
D. The average price for a short tour of Iceland.
Are you a graduate trying to plan out the best career path for yourself? Here, some tips are given on how to go about it.
A university degree is no _____ of a job, and job hunting in itself requires a whole set of skills. if you find you are not getting past the first interview, ask yourself what is happening. Is it a(n) ____ to communicate or are there some skills you lack? And find out what you need t do to bring yourself up to the level of ___ that would make you more attractive t them.
Do not be too discouraged if you are ____ for a job, but think about the reasons the employers give. Those who made the second interview might have been studying the same subject as you and be of ____ ability level, but they had something which made them a _____ match to the selector’s ideal. That could be experience gained through projects or vacation work, or it might be that they were better at communicating what they could offer. Do not take the comments at ____ value: think back to the interviews that generated them and make a list of where you think the shortfall in your performance lies. With this sort of analytical approach you will eventually get your foot in the door.
Deciding how long you should stay in your first job is a tough call. Stay too long and future employers may question your _____ and ambition. Of course, it depends on where you are aiming. If you are a graduate, spending five or six years in the same job is not too long provided that you take full advantage of the ____. However, do not use this as a(n) ____ for lacking interest or enthusiasm. Graduates sometimes fail to take ownership of their careers and take the initiative. It is up to you to make the most of what’s available within a company, and to monitor progress in case you need to____. This applies particularly if you are still not sure where your career path lies.
It is helpful to think through what kind of experience you need to get your ____ job and it is not a problem to move around to a certain extent. But in the ____ stages of your career you need a definite strategy for reaching your goal, so think about that carefully before deciding to step forward from your first job. You must cultivate ____ to be competent for any role. There is no guarantee that you will get adequate training, and research has shown that if you do not receive proper help in a new role, it can take 18 months to ____ it.
1.A. input B. cause C. guarantee D. preparation
2.A. failure B. key C. introduction D. contribution
3.A. highlight B. comment C. fluency D. qualification
4.A. asked B. refused C. headed D. helped
5.A. different B. high C. similar D. low
6.A. closer B. better C. stronger D. poorer
7.A. depth B. face C. data D. test
8.A. character B. personality C. behavior D. drive
9.A. knowledge B. experience C. skill D. loyalty
10.A. substitute B. equivalent C. excuse D. requirement
11.A. pass by B. switch on C. move on D. stick to
12.A. part-time B. dream C. secure D. well-paid
13.A. critical B. last C. middle D. early
14.A. patience B. love C. habits D. friendship
15.A. know B. prohibit C. master D. select
A. accounted B. limited C. commercials D. popular E. overnight F. helped G. increased H. symbols I. though J. talented K. fashion |
The next time you watch NBA playoff action on TV, take a close look at the shoes that many players are wearing . Gone, for the most part, are the ankle-hugging high-tops that supposedly ___1.____ to protect players from injury.
The change over the last few years to low-top sneakers(运动鞋) seems to go against conventional wisdom. Strangely, __2.___, Steven Nash and Kobe Bryant, two of the most _3.__
players with the Los Angeles Lakers, aren’t worried.
According to the US market-research firm NPD Group, high-tops once __4.__ for about 20 percent of the US basketball shoe market. Now, the number has sunk to about 8 percent. Low-tops, the kind that Nash and Bryant wear, have grown to 29 percent, from just 11 percent in 2002.
High-top sneakers are one of the most celebrated __5.__ in modern basketball. After the 1985 Air Jordans so transformed the market, shoe companies began battling one another. They put air pumps in the tongues of their shoes and made carefully prepared and organized _6._.
“All of a sudden it became a _7.__ business,” Marshal Cohen, an analyst with NPD group, told The Wall Street Journal. The Jordans were excellent. The market went from being nothing to a million-dollar business __8.___.”
One of the reasons high-tops are not so __9._ anymore is that they were never really very good at protecting the feet.
In an article in the British Journal of Sports Medicine in 2008, University of Newcastle researcher Craig Richards found no evidence that sneakers_10._ injuries. His research actually found that high-top basketball sneakers could even cause players to run slower and jump lower. Now, the contest has become a war. Companies like Adidas, Nike, Converse and Reebok are all fighting to create the next “Air Jordan,” and with the next market battle.
Imagine shopping in another country and spotting a beautiful scarf. The salesperson tells you the price, 1.______ it’s more than you want to buy. What do you do?
The answer depends largely on what part of the world you are in. Are you visiting Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America or Africa? In these places, prices often are not set in stone. In fact, customers 2._____(expect) to bargain before agreeing to a price.
On the other hand, in North America, Europe and Australia, bargaining is rare and often not allowed. The price 3.___(list) on a price tag cannot be changed.
Large stores and malls usually don’t allow bargaining. On the other hand, outdoor stalls and flea markets, even in Western countries, usually allow bargaining. When in doubt, consult a guidebook ---or4._______(good) yet, a local friend.
5._____bargaining custom vary, a few rules of etiquette apply in most cultures. First, avoid wasting people’s time. If you don’t intend to make a purchase, don’t start bargaining. While bargaining, it is OK to walk away. But once you agree to a price, you 6.____ buy the item.
Even in countries 7.___ don’t allow bargaining, you may find plentiful opportunities to save money. Many stores sell old items on clearance. Others offer discount cards to regular customers. Some of these can function as credit cards 8.____ the store, and a few can even be used elsewhere.
9.______ you go, understanding local customs can help you find good prices.
