Question

Differences in land usage, building height, tree cover, rooftop color, and even how orderly the streets are all have an effect on temperature. Taken together, these factors can result in hyper-localized differences in the heat felt throughout a city, which in turn can have a big effect on who's most threatened by heatwaves. That is why citizen scientists are starting to map the urban heat island effect.

Later this month, a team of researchers and about 20 volunteers will spread out across Washington D.C. and Baltimore to take the cities’ temperatures. Equipped with instruments that record temperature data every second, they’ll drive or bike the same route three times to create a snapshot(快照) of how temperatures vary throughout the day. Those snapshots will then be collected to produce detailed maps of heat differences.

“If similar research conducted in Richmond, Virginia last July is any guide, those differences can be quite large. Temperatures in more industrial parts of Richmond reached 102°F (38.9°C) on the same day that a nearby shade-filled park topped out at 87°F (30.6°C)”, said Jeremy Hoffman, a researcher with the Science Museum of Virginia.

Based on the data collected throughout Richmond last year, project member Vivek Shandas at Portland State University and his colleagues were able to produce maps of urban heat across the city as well as heat vulnerability(脆弱性), which takes socioeconomic differences into account. Those maps are now being used to inform a citywide master plan update and a climate resilience(复原) plan.

Shandas and Hoffman plan to produce similar maps from this month's campaigns in D.C. and Baltimore. Finally, the two are hoping to scale up this effort even further. Shandas said he wish to create an off-the-shelf set of guidelines that any city can use to launch its own heat island campaign and generate citywide temperature maps.

Hoffman sees this as a way to help people to relate climate change to their own lives, and then actually do something about it. "The volunteers serve as a feedback mechanism to spread the findings," he said. "We can do heat island assessments using satellites, but we want a team of volunteers measuring temperatures in their neighborhoods to gain a better understanding of where they live."

1.The heat differences throughout the city result from the following factors except ________.

A. height of buildings    B. usage of land

C. layout of streets    D. social economy

2.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. In Richmond, the difference of temperature between industrial parts and the nearby park can reach 15°C on the same day.

B. The maps of heat differences across Richmond make little contributions to the city plans.

C. The researchers will appoint volunteers to take the temperatures in

D. C. and Baltimore to cut down the expense.

3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “off-the-shelf” in paragraph 5?

A. superb    B. available

C. tough    D. random

Answer

1.D

2.D

3.B

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文。公民科学家发现一个城市的土地使用、建筑高度、树木覆盖、屋顶颜色和甚至街道的规划的差异都会影响这个城市的温度，公民科学家们根据这些因素来绘制城市热岛效应图，它对于帮助人们采取行动减少热浪威胁来说是个很好的方法。

1.细节理解题。根据首段Differences in land usage, building height, tree cover, rooftop color, and even how orderly the streets are all have an effect on temperature.得知，导致城市温度不同的因素有土地使用、建筑高度、树木覆盖、屋顶颜色和街道布局，但是没有提到社会经济。故选D。

2.推理判断题。根据最后一段Hoffman sees this as a way to help people to relate climate change to their own lives, and then actually do something about it.得知，Hoffman认为绘制出城市热岛地图，会帮助人们将气候变化和自己的生活联系起来，采取行动来减少热浪的威胁。故选D。

3.词义猜测题。根据第四段Shandas said he wish to create an off-the-shelf set of guidelines that any city can use to launch its own heat island campaign and generate citywide temperature maps.得知，Shandas 希望他们能够设计出一套任何城市在推行自己的热岛活动时都可以使用的指导方案。故选B