Food-security challenges will not be met by simply increasing primary production. Many mostly poor people living in developing countries do need more calories and nutrients, and increases in production are required to satisfy this need. But a significant proportion of these people are becoming wealthier, and if the concomitant (伴随而来的）changes in diet towards the consumption of higher energy foods continue, the nutritional status of this rapidly increasing group will probably diminish, even as its calorific intake grows.
The current status of global nutrition is far from satisfactory. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, 795 million people are hungry. Paradoxically (自相矛盾的是)，at least 2 billion people consume too many calories, many of whom also do not get enough nutrients.
The failure to consistently recognize that it is not only people who are hungry but also those who have too few nutrients and those who overconsume calories challenges efforts to address the problem comprehensively(广泛的，综合的). It is essential to increase the supply of food for people who are hungry. There are, however, growing concerns about the health consequences of overconsumption, particularly in the form of empty calories' from foods that contain solid fats or added sugars that supply energy, but little or no other nutrition.
Malnutrition (营养不良）is related to consumption patterns of calories and nutrients, rather than food production. Major determinants of consumption include food preference, allocation, cultural norms, cooking skill and convenience. But, the most important is affordability. It is the increased availability and affordability of processed, high-energy foods for the emerging global middle class to consume a more-Western diet that is making malnutrition a global problem.
Most international efforts to improve food security focus only on hunger and undernutrition. and hence push to increase food production. But this productionist approach will not solve all forms of malnutrition. More emphasis should be placed on changing consumption patterns. This will not only help to identify the root causes of malnutrition, but also send a signal to producers about the nature of foods needed to address malnutrition.
Even with a greater emphasis on consumption, solutions will be far from straightforward. Each actor involved in the food system — from primary producer to retailer (零售商)--- has their own motivations and modes of interaction. To meet the United Nations’ goal of ending all forms of malnutrition by 2030, we need to think about the whole food system. A purely productionist approach will not be sufficient — we need to manage food demand, not just meet it.
1.The underlined word “diminish” in Paragraph 1 most probably means .
A. change B. weaken
C. improve D. maintain
2.According to the passage, what problem with malnutrition has raised growing concerns?
A. Many people are still suffering from starvation.
B. More people prefer to resist the western lifestyle.
C. People fail to realize its causes and consequences.
D. People overconsume calories with poor nutrition.
3.We can learn from the passage that addressing malnutrition will require______.
A. the motivation of the producers
B. changes across the entire food system
C. an increase in food production and supply
D. the improvement of people's living standard
4.Which one is the best title of this passage?
A. Fight against starvation B. Cut down consumption
C. Look beyond production D. Polish up security
For thousands of years, the most important two buildings in any British village have been the church and the pub. Traditionally, the church and the pub are at the heart of any village or town, where the people gather together to socialize and exchange news.
As a result, British pubs are often old and well preserved. Many of them have become historic sites. The most famous example is the pub in the city of Nottingham called “The Old Trip to Jerusalem”, which dates back to the year 1189 AD and is probably the oldest pub in England.
However, British pubs are not just for kings and queens; they welcome people from all classes and parts of society. On a cold night, the pub’s landlord or landlady can always find a warm place for you by the fire. There is always honest and hearty food and plenty of drink available at an affordable price.
That’s how things used to be. Things are beginning to change. It is said that the credit crunch(信贷紧缩) is causing 39 British pubs a week to go out of business. People do not have enough spare money to spend on beer. Recently, the UK government banned smoking in all pubs, and that may also have affected the number of customers going to pubs.
This decline is happening despite the fact that in 2005 the UK government started to allow pubs to stay open after 1l pm. Previously, with 1l pm as closing time, customers would have to drink quite quickly, meaning they sometimes got more drunk than they would if allowed to drink slowly. The British habit of drinking a lot very quickly is known as “binge drinking”, and it causes long-term health problems for people and problems with violent crime for communities.
In order to save their businesses, pubs are trying to change with the market. British pubs now offer something for everyone. A lot of pubs used to be “Working Men’s Clubs”, meaning that women could not usually enter. Today, however, women can freely enter 99% of pubs without experiencing any problems. Perhaps things are changing for the better after all.
1.The passage mainly tells us something about ______.
A. the importance of British pubs B. the decline of British pubs
C. the long history of British pubs D. the past and present of British pubs
2.We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. binge drinking means drinking less beer
B. closing the pubs early will reduce social problems
C. British people used to like drinking slowly
D. British government aims to discourage people from binge drinking
3.We can see from the last paragraph that the author _______.
A. holds an optimistic attitude towards the British pubs
B. thinks that British pubs should offer everything you need
C. thinks that women in the pubs will cause less social problems
D. is against the admission of too many women to the pubs
About l,500 years ago the Japanese imported many aspects of Chinese culture :the writing system, political institutions, and perhaps the most important, Buddhism. Buddhist priests were expected to eat only vegetables, and tofu, made from the soybean, was a very important food in their diet. When Buddhism was introduced from China, tofu was also brought to Japan.
Tofu developed in different ways in China and Japan. While the Chinese often changed the taste of tofu by mixing it with strongly-flavored vegetables or meat, the Japanese preferred to eat it using only a simple sauce. Even now, traditional Japanese cooking preserves the original delicacy of tofu, though the way it is served may change from season to season. In summer, for example, it is simply served cold, while in winter it is often eaten as part of a hot dish.
The soybean was introduced to the West in the 18th century, but little interest was taken in it. Only scientists recognized its high food value. During the Second World War, when meat was in short supply, the US government encouraged the American people to eat soybean products. However, they never became very popular and, after the war, interest in them dropped off as the supply of meat became plentiful again.
In recent years, people in the West have become increasingly aware of the dangers of eating too much animal fat, and as a result, they have turned more and more to soybean products. This is mainly because the soybean provides almost the same food value as meat, and in addition it is a lot more healthful. Much of the margarine (人造黄油), salad oil and cooking oil in daily use is now produced from soybean oil. Tofu, a representative soybean product and originally one of the main foods in the diet of Chinese priests, is considered to be one of the healthiest foods available to man.
1.Tofu came to Japan together with Buddhism because .
A. Buddhist priests ate tofu rather than vegetables
B. it was a very important food in the diet of Buddhist priests
C. the religion came to Japan together with political institutions
D. the religion was the most important aspect of Chinese culture
2.How are Japanese tofu dishes different from Chinese tofu dishes?
A. They are preserved in the original taste.
B. They are served the same way throughout the year.
C. They have a better taste than Chinese tofu dishes.
D. They have a greater variety than Chinese tofu dishes.
3.The Western people become interested in tofu and other soybean products because .
A. they have become tired of eating meat
B. meat has become too expensive to buy
C. these products are more readily available
D. eating too much animal fat is considered unhealthy
On my table sits a photograph of a young man with thick black hair and eyes dark with the depth of understanding. It is Andy, who never hurt people. If he was angry, you knew it. If he was sad, he showed it. However, being the middle son, Andy always seemed to play the role of the mediator. The way he behaved could make people calmer and there was something mature about his judgment.
He was an activist all of his life. At age 15, he traveled to Washington, D.C., to take part in a Youth March for Integrated (综合的) Schools. At 17, he journeyed to West Virginia by bus to examine the poverty of Appalachia. At 19, he worked at a camp for children who lacked money and education. Then, in the spring of 1964, at age 20, he said, “Mom, I’d like to go to Mississippi.”
The Mississippi Summer Project was to flood the state with hundreds of northern college students. The volunteers would form “freedom schools” to teach African-Americans about their voting rights. It was called “one of the most ambitious civil rights projects yet.”
The violence against blacks had never stopped. In the previous seven decades, nearly 600 known killings had taken place in the state. But the reasons why part of me wanted Andy to stay were the same reasons he wanted to go. Only five percent of Mississippi’s half-million African-Americans were registered to vote in 1960. I had fought for what I believed in all my life. I found a husband who had done the same. How could I say no to Andy?
As Andy was preparing to leave, I threw some bandages into his bag. I thought he might get pushed around. Never in my wildest dreams did I think I’d never see him again.
There are 40 names written on the Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama. Of the 40 victims, 19 were killed in Mississippi. One of them is my son. I allowed him to go to Mississippi because that is who he was. And it is who I was, too.
1.The first paragraph is mainly about Andy’s ______.
A. appearance B. behavior
C. character D. background
2.We know from the text that the Mississippi Summer Project ______.
A. aimed to help educate African-Americans
B. fought for African-Americans’ voting rights
C. attracted college students from all over the country
D. tried to protect African-Americans from being killed
3.The underlined words “the reasons” in Paragraph 4 probably refer to ______.
A. the whole family had a spirit of adventure
B. blacks were in a disadvantageous position
C. it was the most dangerous civil rights project
D. Andy may become a hero at the cost of his life
4.How did the author feel about allowing Andy to go to Mississippi?
A. Guilty but proud. B. Ashamed but calm.
C. Regretful but satisfied. D. Painful but sympathetic.
You may have noticed something different when you ate at your favorite restaurant. Or perhaps you picked up on it while looking through your social media apps (社交媒体软件) . You guessed it ---we’re becoming a foodie (吃货) culture.
For some, that means photographing every dish, but others are taking it one step further. Sophia Hampton, a senior at Staples High School in US, chooses to make her own food. She has been published in Future Chefs, a cookbook of recipes (食谱) by teens.
Hampton’s best advice for those who want to be foodies is to get in the kitchen.
“Start cooking,” she said. “There are so many resources online, like recipes and articles about food. Go to your local farmers’ market and start cooking with them.”
Besides blogs and online resources, there are also hands-on cooking classes for students. The Chopping Block, a Chicago cooking school, offers many different classes for teens, including courses on chocolate and French food.
By attending cooking classes, surfing online and going to restaurants, you can find endless recipes. But sometimes becoming a real foodie means being behind a camera. As our food-loving culture becomes more popular and teen-friendly, social media apps like Facebook, have become major players in food culture.
“Getting involved in foodie culture is as easy as having a camera and a social media app,” one foodie said. “I always go to streets and farmers’ markets to take beautiful pictures of food. Wherever food prices are expensive, the photos are free.”
1.What does Hampton advise those who want to be foodies to do?
A. Post their recipes online. B. Cook food by themselves.
C. Eat at their favorite restaurant. D. Take photos of every dish they eat.
2.Where can students find new recipes, according to the article?
① cooking classes ② online resources ③ new restaurant ④ public libraries
A. ①②③ B. ①③④
C. ②③④ D. ①②④
3.What has made foodie culture more popular, according to the article?
A. People’s growing interest in traditional culture.
B. The convenience of getting different food.
C. The use of cameras and social media.
D. The drop in food prices.
请阅读下面短文，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。
A Texas woman hired a photographer named Victoria Haltom to take her pictures. Following her client’s orders, Victoria heavily photoshoped (用图像处理软件修改) the pictures. Months later, Victoria received an unexpected email from the woman's husband.
“When I opened the album that she gave to me, my heart sank,” the husband wrote. “You're clearly a very talented photographer. Although the woman in these pictures is beautiful, she is not my wife. You made every one of her flaws (缺陷) disappear. I'm sure this is exactly what she asked you to do, but these pictures have taken away everything that makes up our life.”
“When you took away her stretch marks (妊娠纹), you took away the documentation of my children. When you took away her wrinkles, you took away over two decades of our laughter and our worries.”
“Seeing these images made me realize that I honestly do not tell my wife enough how much I love her. She thought these photoshopped images are what I want her to look like. I have to do better, and for the rest of my days I’m going to celebrate her in all her imperfections.”
（写作内容）
1. 用约30个单词概述上述信息的主要内容；
2.用约120个单词说明你对使用图像处理软件修改个人照片的看法，并用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。
（写作要求）
1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3.不必写标题。
（评分标准）
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
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