Children have their own rules in playing games. They seldom need a referee and rarely trouble to keep scores. They don't care much about who wins or loses, and it doesn't seem to worry them if the game is not finished. Yet, they like games that depend a lot on luck, so that their personal abilities cannot be directly compared. They also enjoy games that move in stages, in which each stage, the choosing of leaders, the picking-up of sides, or the determining of which side shall start, is almost a game in itself.
Grown-ups can hardly find children's games exciting, and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple games again and again. However, it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons. He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a popular person, and he can find himself being a useful partner to someone of whom he is ordinarily afraid. He becomes a leader when it comes to his turn. He can be confident, too, in particular games, that it is his place to give orders, to pretend to be dead, to throw a ball actually at someone, or to kiss someone he has caught.
It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their control. Everyone knows the rules, and more importantly, everyone plays according to the rules. Those rules may be childish, but they make sure that every child has a chance to win.
1.What is true about children when they play games?
A. They can stop playing any time they like.
B. They can test their personal abilities.
C. They want to pick up a better team.
D. They don't need rules.
2.To become a leader in a game, the child has to ___________.
A. play well B. wait for his turn
C. be confident in himself D. be popular among his playmates
3.What do we know about grown-ups?
A. They are not interested in games.
B. They find children's games too easy.
C. They don't need a reason to play games.
D. They don't understand children's games.
4.Why does a child like playing games?
A. Because he can be someone other than himself.
B. Because he can become popular among friends.
C. Because he finds he is always lucky in games.
D. Because he likes the place where he plays a game.
Have you ever wondered why you sometimes take an almost immediate liking to a person you have just met? We often get the first impression of a person based on the color of a person’s skin or the manner in which he or she dressed. Meaning is conveyed not only by words or verbal languages but also by nonverbal communication systems, such as body behaviors.
Nonverbal communication is important because we use the actions of others to learn about their affective emotional states .Our emotions are reflected in our posture, face, and eyes—be it fear, joy, anger, or sadness—so we can express them without ever saying a word .For this reason, most of us rely heavily on what we learn through our eyes.
Nonverbal communication is significant in human interaction because it is usually responsible for the first impressions. More importantly, those first messages usually influence the perception(感知) of everything else that follows. Even how we select friends and sexual partners is grounded in first impressions with nonverbal communication.
Nonverbal communication is important because it is culture-related. It is based on different beliefs, religions, values and customs in different cultures. When, where, how, and to whom people display his or her specific nonverbal behaviors is greatly affected by culture and context. Culture determines what the appropriate nonverbal behavior is. For example, feelings of friendship exist everywhere but their expression varies. It may be appropriate in some countries for men to embrace each other and for women to hold hands; in other countries these displays of affection may be shocking. Each culture has its own specific interpretation on nonverbal communication. What is acceptable in one culture may be completely unacceptable in another. One culture may determine that snapping fingers to call a waiter is acceptable; another may consider this gesture rude.
1.What is the best title of the passage?
A. Nonverbal communication and first impression
B. Nonverbal communication is culture-related
C. Nonverbal and verbal communication
D. The importance of nonverbal communication
2.We can know a person’s feeling through our eyes because________.
A. we can see a person’s feeling on his face.
B. a person’s emotions can be reflected through eyes.
C. a person’s feeling can be reflected through his body languages
D. we can see a person’s feeling through his posture
3.Which of the following statements is not True?
A. Meaning can be conveyed both by words and body language.
B. We can use nonverbal communication to learn about a person’s emotional states.
C. We often get the first impression by what a person says.
D. The first impression can affect what we will do in the following.
4.How many reasons are mentioned in the text to show nonverbal communication is important?
A. 2 B. 3
C. 4 D. 5
5.What can we conclude from the last paragraph?
A. we can use different ways to express friendship
B. each culture has its own specific interpretation on nonverbal communication
C. snapping fingers to call a waiter is acceptable
D. learning a country’s culture is very important.
People smile at times. However, the meaning of a smile in different cultures may be different. Depending on different cultures, smiling can express joy and amusement, but it can also indicate embarrassment. The following examples show this point of view:
In an attempt to be open and friendly, people in the United States smile a lot. Every one smiles at each other, this nonverbal communication shows being friendly in the United States. However，in China, smiling is not only an expression of happiness, but also a way to avoid being embarrassed. Chinese people like smiling when they are embarrassed in order to avoid embarrassment. Smiling is a kind of good will but not sneer（嘲笑）. For example: When a child falls off from a bike, the adults in China may smile, which is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh.
When a person from the United States might blush（脸红）with embarrassment or become offensive, a Chinese might blush with smile. To avoid serious misunderstanding, people who engage in intercultural communication should be able to understand the meaning of smiling appropriately. Related to the smile is the laugh. Also, different cultures have different meanings about laugh. For example, Americans can enjoy a very heartfelt belly (腹部) laugh that comes from the deepest emotions. However, most Chinese seldom laugh that way because they are thought to be silly except among close friends.
1.We can use smile to express all of the following feelings except _________,
A. joy and happiness B. amusement
C. embarrassment D. fear
2.People often smile at each other in the United States because _________.
A. they are very happy
B. they want to show they are friendly
C. they want to hide their true feelings
D. they want to avoid embarrassment
3.In China, seeing a child falls off a bike, an adult will smile in order to _______.
A. laugh at him
B. avoid his own embarrassment
C. avoid embarrassment and encourage the boy
D. show his politeness
4.We can infer from the last paragraph that_______.
A. people in China seldom laugh.
B. Smiling is related to laugh.
C. Americans seldom hide their true feelings.
D. The Chinese will blush when they are embarrassed.
5.What is mainly talked about in the passage?
A. People smile at times.
B. Smiling can express different feelings depending on different cultures.
C. Americans are more open and friendly than Chinese people.
D. The Chinese people often hide their true feelings.
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
More than forty thousand readers told us what they looked for in close friendships, what they expected of friends, what they were willing to give in __________, and how satisfied they were with the quality of their friendships. The __________ give little comfort to social critics.
Friendship appears to be a unique form of __________ bonding. Unlike marriage or the ties that bind parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by __________. Unlike other social roles that we are expected to play — as citizens, employees, members of professional societies and other organizations — it has its own principle, which is to promote __________ of warmth, trust, love, and affection between two people.
The survey on friendship appeared in the March __________ of Pswliology Today. The Findings __________ that issues of trust and betrayal (背叛) are __________ to friendship. They also suggest that our readers do not look for friends only among those who are most like them. but find many __________ differ in race, religion, and ethnic (种族的) background. Arguably the most important __________ that emerges from the data, however, is not something that we found — but what we did not.
1.A. addition B. turn C. reply D. return
2.A. result B. consequence C. expectations D. effects
3.A. human B. mankind C. individual D. civil
4.A. discipline B. law C. regulation D. rule
5.A. friendship B. interests C. impressions D. feelings
6.A. publication B. copy C. issue D. printing
7.A. guarantee B. assure C. confirm D. insure
8.A. neutral B. nuclear C. main D. central
9.A. who B. accompanies C. people D. friends
10.A. summary B. conclusion C. information D. decision
As we know ，moon cakes __________ a symbol of the Mid-Autumn festival, and they____ as gifts rather than a kind of food.
A. are becoming ... use B. have become ... are used
C. will become ... used to be D. became ... used as
The school bus he was looking forward to twenty minutes later.
A. arriving B. has arrived
C. is arriving D. arrived
