假定你是李华，正在一家美国博物馆实习，负责向参观者介绍美式英语的发展历史。请你根据以下提示，写一篇英语短文，作为讲解时的参考。
形成
1607年，首批英国移民者来到北美，将英语带到北美大陆。
发展
1. 18与19世纪，伴随着移民潮，美式英语受到了德语、西班牙语等语言的影响；
2. 1806年，美国著名的词典编纂家诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）正式提出“美式英语”这一说法，被看作是美式英语形成的重要标志；
3. 1828年，诺亚·韦伯斯特编纂的American Dictionary of the English Language出版，系统而全面地规定了美式英语单词的拼写、意义和用法；
4. 随着美国的发展，美式英语的影响力不断增大。
注意：1. 词数150左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇： 移居 immigration；词典编纂家lexicographer
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请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Imagine a classroom full of smiling students! What a great place that would be! Here are some tips on how to create a happy classroom.
In the first place, spend some time getting to know your students on a personal level. When you are breaking the ice in the beginning of the school year, join the students in a few getting-to-know-you activities. This will not only help them feel more comfortable but also help you get to know your students better, which will finally benefit you in the long run.
Then give your students something to look forward to. Think about how excited you are when you are expecting an upcoming vacation. Do the same for your students by creating excitement and something they can look forward to. Try telling them that at the end of the week they will get a big surprise and throw them a classroom party, or give them a weekend free from homework. They will love it and be so happy.
Humour is also important for you to create a happy classroom. Children love to laugh. Research even shows that humour relaxes people, brings them closer together, and helps them learn. You don’t have to be a comedian to make your students laugh. All you have to do is try adding a joke or a riddle to your worksheets. It’s that easy.
Music is a powerful tool to use in your classroom. It has many known benefits, such as reducing stress levels， increasing energy levels, helping you focus, as well as stimulating (激励) your creativity. Try using music during independent work time, or play music to encourage classroom communication. When you add music, you will find that your students will be so happy and joyful throughout the schoolday.
Play is an essential (必要的) part of a child’s developmental process. Make sure that you are incorporating (合并) independent play, as well as interactive (互动的) play into your schoolday, and you will have a lot of very happy students.
Children love to make their own choices. By giving your students a choice, you are empowering them and showing them that their opinions matter a lot. This independence will create a very happy classroom.
How to create a happy classroom | |
Get to know your students better | Spend some time getting to know your students and give them a chance to know you, which will 1. your students and benefit you. |
Create expectations for your students | Get your students 2. by creating expectations, such as holding a classroom party or 3. them from homework for a weekend. |
Use humour in your classroom | ●Humour is of great help in improving students’ moods, 4. and studies. ●You can be humourous by telling a joke or a riddle. |
Incorporate music into your lessons | ●Music will make your students less stressed, energetic, focused and 5.. ●Playing music will make your students joyful throughout the 6.. |
Let there be play | ●Play is very important for your students’ 7.. ●You need to combine 8. play and interactive play with your lessons. |
Allow students to make their our choices | Students should be given some chances to make their own choices, which shows that they have 9. over their own life and their opinions are 10.. |
Because computer knowledge is important in our society today, many parents believe that the earlier their children begin to use the computer, the better. Accordingly, most children are spending a large amount of time on computers during their preschool years. But is it healthy for preschoolers to use computers? And if so, how can parents decide how much computer time is proper?
Some studies have shown that using computers from an early age has several advantages. Computer classes are given in most kindergartens and grade schools, so preschoolers who have already become familiar with the operation of the keyboard and mouse come out top in their studies. They may also have an advantage if they have the chance to play educational games, from which they can learn language and math.
The greatest benefits, though, are gained when preschoolers use computers side by side or when they work with adults. In these situations, preschoolers develop cooperative (合作的) problem-solving skills. They also have the chance to communicate with others, which will reinforce their overall learning.
In spite of many benefits, experts also point out disadvantages of preschool computer use.
Preschoolers’ muscles (肌肉) and bones are still developing, but computers and furniture, especially at home, are seldom set up properly for them. “Most parents,” says Peter Buckle of the Robens Centre for Health Ergonomics, “seem unaware of the possible dangers of preschoolers sitting for long periods unsupported, with necks and wrists (手腕) damaged.”
Another problem arises when parents put educational games into computers and believe it’s better for their preschoolers to play these games than sit in front of a TV. Educational expert and teacher Jane Healy disagrees. She doesn’t believe there is much difference between the two. “Simply watching a screen is not the same as real mental activity.” Healy says. She suggests that reading together, having family discussions, or playing are much more valuable. Besides, Healy also questions whether some popular computer games have educational value. “Some,” she says, “may even damage creativity, attention and motivation (动力) .”
To make the computer valuable for you and your preschoolers, you need to decide on rules and time limits. When purchasing software for your preschoolers, look for programs that offer many different functions, which can help improve preschoolers’ creativity and ability to solve problems. Above all, try your best to stay with your preschoolers rather than leaving them alone before the computer.
Here are some additional tips:
★Adjust （调整）the computer and furniture for your preschoolers’ use;
★Manage your preschoolers’ computer activities;
★Limit the amount of time your preschoolers spend on the computer.
1.We can learn from Paragraph 2 that _____.
A. computers are good for preschoolers’ learning
B. most preschoolers are familiar with computers
C. preschoolers shouldn’t use computers too early
D. preschoolers can learn to use computers easily
2.What does the underlined word “reinforce” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Protect. B. Strengthen.
C. Continue. D. Praise.
3.Peter Buckle most probably agrees that _____.
A. parents have realized the dangers of preschoolers’ using computers
B. using computers has many advantages for preschoolers
C. improper computer use can lead to health problems
D. preschoolers are developing too fast nowadays
4.According to Jane Healy, parents should _____.
A. forbid their preschoolers to watch TV
B. join in their preschoolers’ practical activities
C. encourage their preschoolers’ creativity
D. realize that educational computer games are valuable
5.The author advises parents to _____.
A. give their preschoolers enough time to play computer games
B. place the computer and furniture properly
C. purchase all kinds of computer programs
D. stay with their preschoolers when they are using computers
6.What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. Preschoolers shouldn’t use computers.
B. Computers have their advantages and disadvantages.
C. Preschoolers have benefited a lot from using computers.
D. Parents should help their preschoolers use computers properly.
Spanish is No. 3 among the more than 5,000 languages spoken in the world today. Even English takes a back seat to Spanish with 330 million native speakers in the world, compared with 346 million of Spanish. In the United States, college students are flocking (聚集) to learn Spanish and major American book companies are publishing Spanish-language editions. In addition, many other American companies are increasingly selling their products through Spanish-language ads.
In spite of the popularity of Spanish, no one questions the continuing dominance (优势) of English in the United States.
Then what is the future of Spanish in this country? In general, the fate of immigrant (来自外国的) languages has been to flower and then disappear. Many experts say immigration only prolongs (延长) the process. Since large-scale Latin American immigration will not continue forever, they think Spanish in the United States will finally disappear.
The mixture of Spanish and English called “Spanglish” was considered by some as a brief stop on the road to the disappearance of Spanish. But Spanglish was blamed by Roberto González Echevarría, a leading literary critic at Yale University. He said, “Those who support Spanglish don’t realize that it is a Spanish invasion (侵略) of English.”
Other experts have argued that the mixing of languages and bilingualism (双语能力) are not two-way streets. In the case of the United States, Spanish speakers tend to become bilingual, but English speakers do not. When all the native Spanish speakers become bilingual, the need to speak Spanish tends to disappear.
It has happened before. German was once a popular language in the United States. However, German immigration then reduced and World War I caused anti-German feelings and English-only measures. Today, more than 45 million Americans claim their ancestry (祖先) as German, but only 1.5 million claim to speak the language.
However, there are reasons to believe Spanish will follow a different course from German. Strictly speaking, Spanish is not an immigrant language. It was here before English, its presence in North America preceding (在……之前) the founding of the United States. Spanish is the native language of Puerto Rico who are native U.S. citizens.
Additionally, Spanish has advantages German didn’t enjoy at the turn of the century. The size of the Spanish-speaking population worldwide, the communications revolution and the global economy mean there are more opportunities to use the language.
1.We can learn from Paragraph 1 that _____.
A. American book companies are required to publish Spanish editions
B. college students have to learn Spanish in America
C. Spanish has enjoyed popularity in America
D. Spanish has taken the place of English in America
2.According to the passage, Roberto González Echevarría probably agrees that _____.
A. Spanish will disappear soon
B. Spanglish shouldn’t be supported
C. Spanish speakers should become bilingual
D. Spanglish will prevent Spanish from disappearing
3.What is the future of Spanish in America according to the passage?
A. It will be remembered as an immigrant language.
B. It will be used to do business by most Americans.
C. It will continue to find a place in America.
D. It will be used by Puerto Ricans forever.
4.The author writes this passage to _____.
A. introduce the development of Spanish in America
B. show the popularity of Spanish in America
C. encourage people to speak Spanish
D. introduce the history of Spanish
It all started with a simple request. In 2006, Cathryn Couch was working as a chef (厨师), making home-delivery meals for customers. One day, a friend called and asked: Did Couch have any cooking work for her teenage daughter? She didn't, but the friend continued to beg. So Couch finally came up with a project: making meals and sending them to a local homeless center.
After seeing how excited and proud her friend's daughter was after making the meals, Couch decided to replicate (复制) their lesson on a larger scale. That's how, in 2007, the Ceres Community Project was born. The Bay Area-based program asks teen volunteers to cook healthful, all-organic meals and send them to sick people with cancer and other serious conditions.
That first year, 21 volunteers made 4,500 meals. In 2015, 400 volunteers prepared more than 90,000 meals. Couch has opened five branches across the Bay Area. And she has helped start similar programs in cities like Eugene, Ore., and Madison, Wis. And now, the group has expanded east of San Francisco. In February, the Ceres Project opened up in Alameda, Calif., working with a supportive housing organization called Alameda Point Collaborative (APC). Much of the financial support came from the $100,000 left by a local woman who passed away from breast cancer. Generally, their money comes from a mixture of individual and foundation donations.
“I'm seeing a lot of the kids' natural leadership and social skills come out in the kitchen,” says Aileen Suzara, the Alameda program coordinator and chef. “I see a bright light from the kids' eyes. They have a sense of how the project is really touching someone's life.”
When she first started the program, Couch thought that the cooking skills the teens got would be the most valuable part of the program. But that's not the case. “It's really about learning that they matter in the world and that their choices make a difference,” she says.
1.What is the purpose of the Ceres Community Project?
A. To teach students cooking skills.
B. To explore research on agriculture.
C. To bring public attention to cancer.
D. To provide healthy food for patients.
2.What can we say about the Ceres Project?
A. It is facing a lot of challenges.
B. It badly needs public support.
C. It has kept growing over the years.
D. It has long been influenced by APC.
3.How does Suzara feel about the teen members?
A. Worried. B. Doubtful.
C. Curious. D. Satisfied.
8 SUNDAY 1 P.M. Molly Sinclair McCartney, a former Washington Post reporter, will discuss “America's War Machine: Vested Interests, Endless Conflicts” at Politics and Prose, 5015 Connecticut Ave. NW. 202-364-1919.
7 P.M. Richard Russo, a Pultizer Prize-winning novelist, will read from his book “Everybody's Fool,” about friends in New York, at Politics and Prose. $36-$50.
10 TUESDAY 7 P.M. Angela Duckworth, a University of Pennsylvania professor, will discuss her book “Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance” at the Sixth and I Historic Synagogue, 600 I St. NW. 202-408-3100. $16-$40.
11 WEDNESDAY 6:30 P.M. Ben Lindbergh, a writer for FiveThirtyEight.com, will discuss his book “The Only Rule Is It Has to Work: Our Wild Experiment Building a New Kind of Baseball Team” at Busboys and Poets — 5th and K, 1025 5th St. NW. 202-364-1919.
6:30 P.M. Patricia Engel, whose novel “Vida” was a finalist for the PEN/Hemingway Award, will read from her novel “The Veins of the Ocean,” about a woman feeling guilty about her brother's criminal act, at Kramerbooks & Afterwords, 1517 Connecticut Ave. NW. 202-387-1400.
7 P.M. Nathaniel Philbrick, a winner of the National Book Award, will discuss his book “Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution” at Politics and Prose. $5-$10.
12 THURSDAY 7 P.M. Irene Pollin, a doctor, will discuss her book “Irene and Abe: An Unexpected Life,” about her marriage to former Capitals and Wizards owner Abe Pollin, with George Solomon, a former sports editor at The Post, at the Sixth and I Historic Synagogue. $12-$20.
For more literary (文学的) events, go to wapo.st/litcal
1.Where should you go if you want to talk about Ben Lindbergh's book?
A. Politics and Prose.
B. Busboys and Poets.
C. Kramerbooks & Afterwords.
D. Sixth and I Historic Synagogue.
2.Both Angela Duckworth and Irene Pollin will _____.
A. discuss their books in the same place
B. make speeches on the same day
C. share their own experiences
D. talk about the same topic
