In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively _____ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the _____, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, ___________, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from _____ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of _____ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to _____ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general _____. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional _____ managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without _____ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:_____ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be ______ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has ______ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to ______ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or ______ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the ______ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1.A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2.A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3.A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4.A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5.A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6.A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7.A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8.A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9.A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10.A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11.A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12.A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13.A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14.A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15.A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
Last weekend’s concert, organized and performing by the students of the Welsh Community College, was great success. The student had been practicing for months for the concert. They were excited that when they heard Gareth Jones was coming to present the prizes. Over 100 young performers play a mixture of jazz, classical or folk music. One of the highlights were 14-year-old Megan Evans, playing traditional Welsh folk songs. The concert ended with a very loud pop tune and anyone in the hall stood up and danced with the music. It was a magically atmosphere and a wonderful evening.
I can still remember I was once asked to make speech before the whole class at the age of 9. You can imagine how shy I was when I thought of that with so many eyes fixed to me. I had no more choice but to prepare for it, though. The hardest part was my oral presentation from my memory, for reading from the paper wasn’t allowing. The real moment began before I stood on the platform with my legs trembling or my mind blank. But my listeners were waiting patient. Gradually, I found me back, giving my speech at last. After what seemed to be a long time, I heard all the listeners applauding loudly. Ever since then, my fear of speak before a big audience had disappeared. Actually, now I’ve become a great speaker!
One Monday afternoon, we were playing basketball on the playground while I suddenly slipped and fell over. On seeing that, all my classmates rushed to me. Under the help of several other students, Li Xiang, one of my best friend put me on his back and head for the clinic immediately. It turned out that my right ankle got hurt but I had to be sent to hospital. He did not leave until an ambulance was arrived. The following day, he came to see me. To my greatly relief, he brought textbooks with them and helped me with my lessons. It was a great pleasure have such a devoting friend.
In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was. Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, so once I started the car, my mind goes blank, I forgot what he had said to me altogether. The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up!” “Slow down!” “Turning left!” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left. A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.
It was August 2nd, 1927. The news had spread fast. A man named Ralph Peer was coming to the city of Bristol. He wanted to make recordings of local people singing and playing musical instruments. And he said he would pay fifty dollars for each song recorded. That was a lot of money in those days. Many people came to Bristol that day to play for Mr. Peer. But one group seemed to have just the sound that he was looking for. They were a man named A .P. Carter, his wife Sara, and her cousin Maybelle. They called themselves the Carter Family.
Their first recordings were sent to radio stations throughout the United States. Many listeners were surprised at what they heard. Instead of classical or jazz songs that radio stations usually played, a new sound was born. The Carter Family sounded different. They did not sound as if they had taken music lessons. But it did not matter. The people in poor rural areas thought they sounded just like their neighbors.
The Carters sang songs about living in the mountains of Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. They sang about the love of a young man for a special girl. They sang about the beauty of nature. They sang about death and sadness. And they sang religious songs that told of the hope for a better life after death.
A .P. Carter sang in the group and also searched for new songs. He often traveled long distances to small towns in the south-eastern United States. He wanted to hear the songs that local people sang in their communities. He wrote down the words but kept the music in his memory. When he returned home, he helped Sara and Maybelle fit them to the Carter Family musical style.
The Carter Family soon became famous. They recorded more songs. They traveled to many cities and towns in the eastern United States to perform. Thousands of people heard them sing and bought their recordings. Some people estimate that within three years, the Carter Family sold three hundred thousand recordings.
1.When Mr. Peer heard the Carter Family’s singing, he most probably felt _________.
A. disappointed B. calm
C. confused D. excited
2.Many listeners were surprised when they heard the Carter Family’s songs because _________.
A. the family did not seem to be good at singing
B. what the family sang sounded uncomfortable
C. the family sang classical and jazz songs in a very different way
D. the family sang something that they had never heard before
3.What was A.P.Carter’s purpose in traveling to small towns in the south-eastern United States?
A. To ask for some advice on his music.
B. To collect songs sung by the local people there.
C. To introduce his music to the local people there.
D. To see if the local people there had heard his music.
4.What does the last paragraph suggest?
A. The Carter Family’s songs were different.
B. The Carter Family’s songs were well received.
C. The Carter Family became famous by accident.
D. The Carter Family became good at singing later.
