Question

US scientists say they have poured cold water on the theory that washing hands with hot water kills more germs (细菌) than unheated water. The small study of 20 people found using water at 15℃ (59F) left hands as clean as water heated to 38℃ (100F).

National Health Service (NHS) recommends that people wash their hands in either cold or warm water. In this study, scientists at Rutgers University-New Brunswick wanted to find out if popular assumptions about the benefits of warm or hot water and official guidance on hot water — given to the food industry in the US — held true. They asked 20 people to wash their hands 20 times each with water that was 15℃ (59F), 26℃ (79F) or 38 degrees (100F). Volunteers were also asked to experiment with varying amounts of soap. Before they started the tests, their hands were covered in harmless bugs. Researchers say there was no difference in the amount of bugs removed as the temperature of the water or the amount of soap changed.

Prof Donald Schaffner said: “People need to feel comfortable when they are washing their hands but as far as effectiveness goes, this study shows us that the temperature of the water used did not matter.”

However, the researchers accept their study is small and say more extensive work is needed to determine the best ways to remove harmful bacteria.

In the UK, NHS experts say people can use cold or hot water to wash their hands. They say hands should be washed for at least 20 seconds and stress the importance of using enough soap to cover the whole surface of the hands. Their guidance focuses on rubbing hands together in various ways to make sure each surface of each hand is clean.

1.What does the underlined phrase “poured cold water” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A. Proved.    B. Contradicted.

C. Created.    D. Accepted.

2.After they washed their hands with either hot or cold water, ________.

A. volunteers all didn’t feel very comfortable

B. volunteers all talked about American food industry

C. volunteers still had much germ on their hands

D. volunteers nearly had the same amount of germ removed

3.How do the researchers feel about their study?

A. It is popular.    B. It is convincing.

C. It is incomplete.    D. It is abstract.

4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. Using Cold Water Instead of Hot Water

B. How to Use Cold Water to Wash Hands

C. It Is Better to Wash Hands in Cold Water

D. Washing Hands in Cold Water as Good as Hot

Answer

1.B

2.D

3.C

4.D

【解析】这是一篇说明文。用热水洗手比用冷水洗杀死的细菌更多吗？美国科学家对此进行了实验论证，得出的结论是用热水或冷水洗手或肥皂量的多少，去除的细菌数量没有差别，一样好。

1.推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，针对理论“用热水洗手比用未加热的水洗手杀死更多的细菌”进行的实验论证。在第二段最后一句“Researchers say there was no difference in the amount of bugs removed as the temperature of the water or the amount of soap changed.”证明了随着水的温度或肥皂量的变化，去除的臭虫数量没有差别。可知是对上述理论的反驳，故可推断出“poured cold water”泼冷水。即为“反驳”之意。故选B项。

2.推理判断题。根据第二段中的内容可知，关于热水是否比冷水洗手杀死的细菌多。研究者让20人用不同水温洗手，志愿者还被要求用不同量的肥皂进行实验。在他们开始测试之前，他们的手上覆盖着无害的虫子。研究人员表示，随着水的温度或肥皂量的变化，去除的臭虫数量没有差别。由此可判断用热水或冷水洗手的志愿者手上的去除的细菌一样多，即D项正确。

3.推理判断题。根据第四段中的“the researchers accept their study is small and say more extensive work is needed to determine the best ways to remove harmful bacteria.”研究者认为他们的研究范围小，需要更广泛的工作来确定去除有害细菌的最佳方法。由此可推断出这个研究是不完整的（incomplete），故选C项。

4.主旨大意题。在文章的第一段提出了用热水洗手比用冷水洗手去除的细菌多提出了质疑，并且进行了实验最后得出结论是没有什么区别。因此D项“在冷水中洗手和热水中一样好”为最佳标题。

【点睛】推理判断题

推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。做题时要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。

比如第2小题，根据第二段中的内容可知，关于热水是否比冷水洗手杀死的细菌多。研究者让20人用不同水温洗手，志愿者还被要求用不同量的肥皂进行实验。在他们开始测试之前，他们的手上覆盖着无害的虫子。研究人员表示，随着水的温度或肥皂量的变化，去除的臭虫数量没有差别。由此可判断用热水或冷水洗手的志愿者手上的去除的细菌一样多，即D项正确。