Researchers who use animals in psychological experiments must make every effort to minimize (最小化) discomfort, illness, and pain. And procedures that cause animals great suffering are permitted only when no other procedure is available. Moreover, there are federal regulations stating how animals art to be housed, fed. and preserved. Not only must researches try very hard to avoid causing physical discomfort, they are also required to promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals, such as monkeys.
Why should animals be used for research in the first place? Is it really possible to learn about human behavior from the results of research employing rats and pigeons? The answer is that psychological research that does employ animals has a different focus and is designed to answer different questions than research that uses humans. For example, the shorter life span of animals (rats live an average of two years) allows researchers to learn about the effects of aging in a much smaller period than they could by using human participants. Moreover, some principles of behavior are similar across species, and so some basic behavioral phenomena can be studied more simply in animals. Finally, some studies require large numbers of participants that share similar backgrounds or have been exposed to particular environments—conditions that could not practically be met with human beings.
Research using animals has provided psychologists with information that has greatly benefited humans. For example, it provided the keys to noticing eye disorders in children early enough to prevent permanent damage
Despite the value of research with animal participants, the use of animals in psychological research is highly controversial. For example, some critics believe that animals have rights no less significant than those of humans, and that because animals are unable to agree to participation in studies, their use is not moral. Others object to the use of animals on methodological (方法论的) grounds, saying it is impossible to generalize from finding on nonhuman species to humans.
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假如你是李华，一个月前在某购物网站订购了一套英文小说，昨天收到货，发现少了几本，并且书本纸张粗糙、有异味。请就此事给该网站客服写一封投诉邮件。内容包括：
1.投诉原因：少货、质量差；
2.你的要求。
注意：
1.词数80左右；
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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Beijing was once a city of bikes, the capital of a country 1. (know) as the Bicycle Kingdom, where cars were reserved for official business and the politically powerful. 2., decades of remarkable economic growth led to a huge flowing of can in the city. Owning one became not just a marker of reaching the middle class but also a 3. (require) for marriage. As the economy boomed, autos pushed bikes off the roads, 4. (create) heavy pollution and miserable traffic.
Fortunately now Beijing may be returning to its roots with a modem twist. Thanks to about 20 technology companies, brightly coloured shared bikes 5. (flood) Beijing since last year. Many local residents welcome the shared bikes 6. the flexibility and freedom they offer. They pick up the bikes and then ride and drop 7. off anywhere they like, locking the back wheel, with no need to find a fixed place.
Analysis in China say there are three factors 8. contribute to the sudden increase of bikes: a lot of cash looking for a home, a good idea and government support. “As the city’s population grew, traffic jams got 9. (bad).” Cai, the Ofo spokeswoman, said, “Shared bikes could solve the ‘last mile’ problem in 10. environmentally friendly way.”
I ask my grandpa what it feels like to grow old. He ______ this question while we sit in his office overlooking the yard, where an empty bird feeder swings ______ from a tree branch. The yard has gone into a state of ______ in recent years. Grandpa no longer possesses the energy to maintain its ______ splendid glory.
After taking a sip of his black tea, he asks me a question. “Have you ever been in a hot ______ when the water ran cold?” I tell him I have. “That’s what ______ feels like,” he says. “At first the water is too warm, but you ______ the heat and begin enjoying it. When you’re young, you think it’s going to be this way ______. But one day you realize the ______ begins to drop. You gradually feel the warmth leaving your body. The water is still pleasant, but you know it’ll soon become cold and there’s nothing you can do,” he ______. “I knew a few people who decided to ______ the shower. I was able to stay in because I ______ myself recalling the showers of my youth. It’s too late now, and no matter how hard I try, I’ll never get the hot water ______ again.”
This is how my grandpa felt about growing old, but he has lived a good life to have ______ the birth of his children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
After dinner, I fetch a bag of birdseed, take it out to the ______ and pour the seed into the feeder. I go inside,______ to tell Grandpa about what I’ve done, only to find he is sleeping. I think about waking him up ______ decide not to disturb his sleep, a sleep which will soon ______ forever. I hope he is ______ the dreams of his youth, remembering the ______ of days gone by, the days before the water ran cold.
1.A. reads B. considers C. admits D. asks
2.A. wildly B. lifelessly C. helplessly D. slowly
3.A. decline B. peace C. boom D. repair
4.A. ever B. lately C. once D. only
5.A. stove B. shower C. temper D. day
6.A. growing B. sleeping C. aging D. living
7.A. get used to B. get addicted to C. get tired of D. get rid of
8.A. instead B. forever C. sometime D. then
9.A. pressure B. quality C. temperature D. level
10.A. concludes B. compromises C. complains D. continues
11.A. take B. enjoy C. leave D. refuse
12.A. contented B. confused C. taught D. cheated
13.A. on B. off C. up D. down
14.A. ordered B. given C. demanded D. witnessed
15.A. window B. yard C. room D. office
16.A. disappointed B. puzzled C. depressed D. excited
17.A. but B. so C. or D. and
18.A. end B. change C. last D. disappear
19.A. valuing B. achieving C. experiencing D. dreaming
20.A. strength B. warmth C. energy D. soul
What Is Fear?
Few is a basic feeling arising when we fed threatened, and can have physical symptoms such as sweaty hands and an increased heart rate. 1. On the upside...
Fear means growth.
Fear tells us we are moving towards the edge of our comfort zone. We are doing something unfamiliar and learning new skills. This means wt art growing, and growth means that once we go beyond the uncomfortable bit, we will be stronger, better and brighter than before! 2.
Things are never as bad as they seem.
In most cases, the thing we fear is never as bad as we think it will be. When we are trying to make a decision to do something new, we lack the perspective to sec further than the familiar range. 3. No. If you look back on some of the scary things you’ve had to do in the past, you would now say. “What was so scary about this?!”
We are always stronger than we think!
Fear can teach us so much about our personal powers. There is no other feeling like the victory you feel that makes you realize you won. 4. Who cares? You made the leap! This will build your confidence! Think of your yoga practice. We CAN stand on our hands, even though we sometimes doubted it. And it will make us realize that we are so strong!
Fear b part of lift, and doesn’t need to be eliminated.
5. We can welcome it; we can cope with it and proceed in spite of it. The best decisions in life art rarely the easiest ones. Or rather, they may seem easy, bat often come with fear. To quit your job is not easy, but if you know it’s the right thing to do, you know what you need to do. Following your heart will not come without fear, but it will come with big rewards.
A. Face the feeling of fear bravely.
B. And everything unfamiliar is scary?
C. Catch every opportunity to be successful.
D. We don’t need to remove fear from our lives.
E. So when you fed fear approaching, say thank you!
F. You succeeded, even though not every try is perfect.
G. But it can be a useful feeling when it comes to keeping us safe.
With more large solar farms being developed in the sunny southwestern United States, researchers and conservationists alike are beginning to notice surprising environmental effects. While solar energy is known for its positive environmental impacts, officials at the National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory have come to recognize one of its significant downsides: Some specks of birds that live close to large solar plants (太阳能板) are dying off, including endangered birds.
A recent federal investigation recovered 233 birds that had been killed as a direct result of solar plants. Researchers believe that some of the affected birds have mistaken the large, reflective areas of the solar panels for bodies of water. This is a phenomenon referred to by scientists as “lake effect.” The birds are drawn to what they assume to be water. They aim for the area and slam into the panels with great force. It is thought that the insects that birds cat fall victim to “lake effect” as well, leading the birds into the panels.
Researchers figure that between 1,000 and 28,000 birds are killed as a result of harvesting solar energy. The number of birds affected by wind farming is much greater, ranging from 140,000 to 328,000. Coal-fired electricity has the largest negative effect on birds, killing nearly 8 million a year. These numbers make solar farming seem like the best option. However, conservationists are quick to point out that areas where solar is expected to boom between 2015 and 2020 are home to some of the rarest birds in the United States. This could put specific bird species at risk of extinction.
There exists a state order in California that 20 percent of all electricity of all energy sold should be renewable by the year 2017. This has been one driving force behind the rapid development of huge solar farms. The industry, which is expected to boom as a result of this change to renewable energy, is facing newly filed lawsuits (起诉) by conservationist groups. These lawsuits could slow down the approval process for the planned solar development across the Southwest.
1.What can we infer from paragraph 1?
A. Solar farms require a long development period.
B. Most people would be shocked by the size of solar farms.
C. Solar energy equipment looks strange to most people.
D. Most people think that solar energy is very beneficial.
2.The underlined word “slam” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. dash B. break
C. move D. slide
3.Which of the following best reflects the author’s viewpoint?
A. Using solar farms is the most practical way to create energy.
B. More birds are endangered by solar farms than wind farming.
C. Solar farms may not be as friendly to the environment as expected.
D. Ways should be found to reduce “lake effect” caused by solar farms.
