Question

The Bystander (旁观者) Effect

When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. 1.

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty” Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed (刺) by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, 2. The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．

Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.

There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. 3. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.

4. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and 5..

A. They hesitate and assess the risk of getting hurt

B. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect.

C. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is unclear.

D. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility.

E. they did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.

F. none of the people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help.

G. the attacker didn’t stop stabbing her.

Answer

1.B

2.F

3.D

4.C

5.E

【解析】本文主要讲了当紧急情况发生时，如果没有其他人在现场，旁观者们更可能会采取措施，这称之为旁观者效应，作者从两个方面分析了造成旁观者效应的原因。

1.根据下一段The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect可知，这里意思是这就是所提到的旁观者效应，故选B。

2.根据后文The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police.可知，F项“附近公寓听到她的呼救的人们没有向警察报警”与本段内容相符，故选F。

3.根据前文There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect可知，这里意思是第一，其他人的出现导致了责任的分开，故选D。

4.根据In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers’ quarrel"可知，这里意思是其他研究者发现，如果情况不是很清楚，旁观者们更不可能去采取措施，故选C。

5.根据In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel"可知，旁观者认为这是恋人之间的争吵，故E项“他们没有意识到这位年轻的女士事实上正在被谋杀”承接上文内容，故选E。