An experiment was done on macaques（猕猴）.They1.(give)a chain and taught that they would be fed if they pulled2.chain.The catch,however,was that every time they pulled the chain,another macaque would be shocked.
Even though it meant risking starvation,87% of the macaques refused3.(pull) the chain if they knew it would hurt another macaque.In one case,a macaque went a full two weeks without eating rather than deal with the guilt of4.(hurt) another animal.
It's pretty impressive when you compare that to another study because another group of5.(science) did a similar experiment on a different animal-humans.They paid people to pull a lever（杠杆）6.they said would shock another person with7.(electric).That other person was an actor who pretended to be8.great pain every time they pulled the lever.In the experiment,a full 87% of the people pulled the lever all the way to a space9.(mark) "Danger!Severe Shock!"even while hearing their victim scream painfully.It was all to get a few dollars that they could have10.(easy) earned by getting a job at McDonald's.
For many years,drivers of electric trains in the UK were at risk from bird strikes.When they were travelling at high speeds,a____hitting the front of the train could____the windscreen of the driving cab.I once had a pigeon break the offside window into pieces at only 40 mi/h.The pigeon didn't____,but I did—I am alive!
In an effort to provide a better degree of____and reduce delays,of course,research was done to find a ___toughened glass windscreen for____.As part of this research,____was sought from airline suppliers,who said that a good test for ant new glass type was to fire a chicken at high speed____the window material.The____was soon set up and a number of dead chickens obtained.
Even though it was of a standard used by____,the test with the first chicken showed that the glass was not____enough.A second test____broke the glass.Another test damaged the third windscreen!Repeated____showed that no glass could____the chicken being fired at it.More advice was sought from the airline people,who could not understand____the glass they offered could withstand（禁得住）airborne bird strikes but____failing the railway tests. They decided to come to____test.
The railway research team set up a____test and sent someone to obtain more chickens.____the chickens arrived,it was then that the airline experts realized what was wrong.They told the railway research team."You know,you do____to defrost（解冻）the chickens first."
1.A. device B. chicken C. bird D. stone
2.A. keep out B. pass through C. escape from D. take away
3.A. fly B. appear C. fall D. survive
4.A. safety B. speed C. travel D. temperature
5.A. heavy B. bright C. suitable D. flat
6.A. passengers B. drivers C. animals D. pilots
7.A. information B. energy C. courage D. advice
8.A. off B. towards C. beyond D. across
9.A. test B. research C. business D. organization
10.A. government B. army C. railways D. airlines
11.A. popular B. attractive C. tough D. transparent
12.A. also B. then C. ever D. only
13.A. changes B. attempts C. events D. ideas
14.A. reflect B. prevent C. separate D. resist
15.A. whether B. how C. why D. when
16.A. avoided B. kept C. stood D. stopped
17.A. witness B. cancel C. prove D. correct
18.A. strange B. strict C. new D. necessary
19.A. The moment B. Now that C. Even if D. In case
20.A. manage B. agree C. expect D. have
You don't need superpowers to commit to being healthier.Check out these tips.
Write it and measure it.1.Writing down your goals is not only a great way to accomplish them,but your list can also help you figure out the exact steps needed to get there."I want to lose weight"is a pretty common resolution（方案）,but how exactly do you go from point A to point B?2.For instance:"I want to lose 10 pounds over the next six weeks by going to the gym three to four times per week."
Make resolutions manageable.A resolution shouldn't be a fantasy.The key to sustainable resolutions is to make small changes gradually.So if your goal is to go from never running to finishing a half-marathon,start training gradually.3..
4.Not knowing how to do a certain exercise is no excuse to write it off completely.If you're curious about new techniques,book a session with a personal trainer to clear up confusion and help prevent injury.
Think outside the box.5.If your resolution is to simply be more active and bum more calories every day,there are plenty of creative ways to achieve that goal.You can fit extra movement into the day by walking during phone conversations or even volunteering for household chores.
A.Ask for help．
B.Choose the right tech.
C.Instead,try setting a more specific goal.
D.Exercise doesn't have to be a formal activity.
E.Resolutions should be both specific and measurable.
F.Begin by walking a few miles,and steadily increase it to jogging,and then running.
G.The reason is that the brain just likes measurable old habits over new,different ones.
B vitamins（维生素）may offer some protection against the effect of air pollution,a new study suggests.
The scientists say the effect is real but stress the limitations of their work.Follow-up studies are urgently needed, they say,in heavily polluted cities like Mexico.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),over 90% of the world's population live in heavily-polluted areas.The one of the pollutants that is considered the most dangerous is very fine particulate matter, referred to as PM2.5.At around 1/30 the width of a human hair,PM2.5 can go deep into the human lung and contribute to lung and heart health problems in the young and old.
Scientists have long suspected that PM2.5 causes what are termed epigenetic（表观遗传）changes in our cells that can damage our health.Now in this new human trial,an international team of scientists wanted to see if exposure to concentrations of PM2.5 could be mitigated by daily B vitamins.
Ten volunteers were tested initially exposed to clean air and their basic responses were measured.The same volunteers were later tested with large doses（剂量）of B vitamins while exposed to air containing high levels of PM2.5.The researchers found that a four-week B vitamin intake limited the PM2.5 effect by between 28-76% at ten gene locations.They found a similar reduction in effect on the mitochondrial DNA,the parts of cells that produce energy.
However,the researchers caution that their study,while observing a real effect,has limitations.As well as the small number of participants,there was little information on the size of the B vitamin dose that caused the response.
1.What is the main idea of the text?
A. B vitamins may fight against PM2.5.
B. PM2.5 can lead to epigenetic changes.
C. Further studies should be done on PM2.5.
D. Exposure to PM2.5 is more and more serious.
2.Which can replace the underlined word "mitigated" in Paragraph 4?
A. measured B. ignored
C. reduced D. observed
3.How many limitations does the text mention about the new study?
A. 2. B. 3.
C. 4. D. 5.
4.How does the writer of the text like the new study?
A. He believes it deeply. B. He criticizes it strongly.
C. He thinks it needs testing again. D. He shows no opinion about it.
Many of the new ideas and attitudes that marked the Renaissance times were shown in art.A new idea called humanism put a focus on human interests,needs,and abilities.This new ides changed how artists painted their subjects as well as the choice of subjects they painted.
Change of Subjects
In the Middle Ages,the subject of almost all European art was religion,specifically Christianity and the Catholic Church.Although Renaissance artists continued to paint religious paintings,they also branched out to other subjects including Creek and Roman mythology（神话）,historical subjects,and portraits（肖像）of individuals.They also focused on the details of everyday life.
Realism
One of the big changes in art was to paint and sculpt subjects realistically.This is called realism and concerned with a number of techniques that make the subjects and background look like what they would in real life.This also meant giving the subjects more emotional qualities.
Many new techniques were introduced during the Renaissance.These techniques helped to improve the quality and realism of the art.
Perspective—perspective is drawing or painting a picture such that it looks like there are three dimensions.It gives the illusion（错觉）that some objects in the painting are further away than others.
Balance and Proportion—Drawing subjects such that they are the correct she when compared to each other.
Use of Light and Dark—Many artists started using light and shadows in their works to add drama, perspective,and timing to their art.
Sfumato—a technique used by Leonardo da Vinci to add additional perspective and dimension to paintings.It was a way of blurring（变暗）the lines between subjects.This technique was used in Leonardo's Mona Lisa.
Foreshortening—It is another technique that adds perspective and depth to paintings;foreshortening is a way of shortening lines to give the illusion of depth.
1.Before the Renaissance,what was(were) the primary subject(s) of paintings during the Middle Ages ?
A. Kings and Queens. B. Portraits of people.
C. Greek Mythology. D. Christianity.
2.What does realism mean when referring to paintings and art?
A. That the subjects and background appear as they would in real life.
B. That the paintings are landscapes of nature with no people.
C. That the painting is flat with little perspective.
D. That the subjects are only people.
3.What artistic technique make(s) some objects in a picture look further away than others?
A. Perspective. B. Balance and Proportion.
C. Sfumato. D. Light and Dark.
4.What was foreshortening?
A. When artists painted people shorter than they really were.
B. A way of making people look taller than they really were.
C. A technique where artists shortened lines to make some special effects.
D. When artists used shadow and light in their paintings to give the illusion of depth.
Look at any advertisement for a fashion（时尚）store,and you may notice that most of the models are teens.In Western culture,especially,fashion is an extremely important component of teenage life.But "Why?" you may ask.
For teenagers,fashion is first and foremost a social statement.It is a means of expression to their peers（同龄人）and the rest of the world.
Fashion also provides teenagers a sense of identity by signalling which "grouping" they belong to.It many signal a more independent or inclusive personality.
Teens can be extremely conscious about overall image.They will often make use of fashion as a means to attract a certain type of person.
Rebellion（叛离）may also be acted out via fashion.Since rebellion is often a huge aspect of a teenager's life, teens often use shocking fashion to rebel against their parents,their classmates, and/or society.
Many teens pick up on fashion trends in an effort to avoid losing face.Poor fashion choices in the eyes of others can often be an open door to ridicule.
Often,fashion for teenagers is the result of the desire to be like a celebrity（名人）.Celebrities are perhaps the greatest influences on teenagers in the modern world,and the can have a huge effect on a teen's ideas about fashion and its importance.
1.What is the best tide for the text?
A. Why is fashion so important to teens? B. Why do teens learn from celebrities?
C. What fashion do teens want? D. Who leads the fashion?
2.For teens,fashion .
A. has a deep effect on celebrities B. is about expressing themselves
C. can prevent them from rebelling D. will remove their peer pressure
3.Which of the following can describe the main point of Paragraph 3?
A. Fashion and independence. B. Fashion and peers.
C. Fashion and teenagers. D. Fashion and identity.
