B vitamins（维生素）may offer some protection against the effect of air pollution,a new study suggests.
The scientists say the effect is real but stress the limitations of their work.Follow-up studies are urgently needed, they say,in heavily polluted cities like Mexico.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),over 90% of the world's population live in heavily-polluted areas.The one of the pollutants that is considered the most dangerous is very fine particulate matter, referred to as PM2.5.At around 1/30 the width of a human hair,PM2.5 can go deep into the human lung and contribute to lung and heart health problems in the young and old.
Scientists have long suspected that PM2.5 causes what are termed epigenetic（表观遗传）changes in our cells that can damage our health.Now in this new human trial,an international team of scientists wanted to see if exposure to concentrations of PM2.5 could be mitigated by daily B vitamins.
Ten volunteers were tested initially exposed to clean air and their basic responses were measured.The same volunteers were later tested with large doses（剂量）of B vitamins while exposed to air containing high levels of PM2.5.The researchers found that a four-week B vitamin intake limited the PM2.5 effect by between 28-76% at ten gene locations.They found a similar reduction in effect on the mitochondrial DNA,the parts of cells that produce energy.
However,the researchers caution that their study,while observing a real effect,has limitations.As well as the small number of participants,there was little information on the size of the B vitamin dose that caused the response.
1.What is the main idea of the text?
A. B vitamins may fight against PM2.5.
B. PM2.5 can lead to epigenetic changes.
C. Further studies should be done on PM2.5.
D. Exposure to PM2.5 is more and more serious.
2.Which can replace the underlined word "mitigated" in Paragraph 4?
A. measured B. ignored
C. reduced D. observed
3.How many limitations does the text mention about the new study?
A. 2. B. 3.
C. 4. D. 5.
4.How does the writer of the text like the new study?
A. He believes it deeply. B. He criticizes it strongly.
C. He thinks it needs testing again. D. He shows no opinion about it.
Many of the new ideas and attitudes that marked the Renaissance times were shown in art.A new idea called humanism put a focus on human interests,needs,and abilities.This new ides changed how artists painted their subjects as well as the choice of subjects they painted.
Change of Subjects
In the Middle Ages,the subject of almost all European art was religion,specifically Christianity and the Catholic Church.Although Renaissance artists continued to paint religious paintings,they also branched out to other subjects including Creek and Roman mythology（神话）,historical subjects,and portraits（肖像）of individuals.They also focused on the details of everyday life.
Realism
One of the big changes in art was to paint and sculpt subjects realistically.This is called realism and concerned with a number of techniques that make the subjects and background look like what they would in real life.This also meant giving the subjects more emotional qualities.
Many new techniques were introduced during the Renaissance.These techniques helped to improve the quality and realism of the art.
Perspective—perspective is drawing or painting a picture such that it looks like there are three dimensions.It gives the illusion（错觉）that some objects in the painting are further away than others.
Balance and Proportion—Drawing subjects such that they are the correct she when compared to each other.
Use of Light and Dark—Many artists started using light and shadows in their works to add drama, perspective,and timing to their art.
Sfumato—a technique used by Leonardo da Vinci to add additional perspective and dimension to paintings.It was a way of blurring（变暗）the lines between subjects.This technique was used in Leonardo's Mona Lisa.
Foreshortening—It is another technique that adds perspective and depth to paintings;foreshortening is a way of shortening lines to give the illusion of depth.
1.Before the Renaissance,what was(were) the primary subject(s) of paintings during the Middle Ages ?
A. Kings and Queens. B. Portraits of people.
C. Greek Mythology. D. Christianity.
2.What does realism mean when referring to paintings and art?
A. That the subjects and background appear as they would in real life.
B. That the paintings are landscapes of nature with no people.
C. That the painting is flat with little perspective.
D. That the subjects are only people.
3.What artistic technique make(s) some objects in a picture look further away than others?
A. Perspective. B. Balance and Proportion.
C. Sfumato. D. Light and Dark.
4.What was foreshortening?
A. When artists painted people shorter than they really were.
B. A way of making people look taller than they really were.
C. A technique where artists shortened lines to make some special effects.
D. When artists used shadow and light in their paintings to give the illusion of depth.
Look at any advertisement for a fashion（时尚）store,and you may notice that most of the models are teens.In Western culture,especially,fashion is an extremely important component of teenage life.But "Why?" you may ask.
For teenagers,fashion is first and foremost a social statement.It is a means of expression to their peers（同龄人）and the rest of the world.
Fashion also provides teenagers a sense of identity by signalling which "grouping" they belong to.It many signal a more independent or inclusive personality.
Teens can be extremely conscious about overall image.They will often make use of fashion as a means to attract a certain type of person.
Rebellion（叛离）may also be acted out via fashion.Since rebellion is often a huge aspect of a teenager's life, teens often use shocking fashion to rebel against their parents,their classmates, and/or society.
Many teens pick up on fashion trends in an effort to avoid losing face.Poor fashion choices in the eyes of others can often be an open door to ridicule.
Often,fashion for teenagers is the result of the desire to be like a celebrity（名人）.Celebrities are perhaps the greatest influences on teenagers in the modern world,and the can have a huge effect on a teen's ideas about fashion and its importance.
1.What is the best tide for the text?
A. Why is fashion so important to teens? B. Why do teens learn from celebrities?
C. What fashion do teens want? D. Who leads the fashion?
2.For teens,fashion .
A. has a deep effect on celebrities B. is about expressing themselves
C. can prevent them from rebelling D. will remove their peer pressure
3.Which of the following can describe the main point of Paragraph 3?
A. Fashion and independence. B. Fashion and peers.
C. Fashion and teenagers. D. Fashion and identity.
Clara Barton became known as "The Angel（天使）of the Battlefield" during the American Civil War.Born in Oxford,Massachusetts in 1821,Clara Barton's interest in helping soldiers on the battlefield began when she was told army stories from her father.Another event that influenced her decision to help soldiers was an accident her brother had.His injuries were cared for by Barton for 2 year.At the time,she was only 11 years old.Barton began teaching school at the age of 15.She taught for 18 years before.she moved to Washington,D.C in 1854.
The Civil War broke out 6 years later.Right away,Barton started war service by helping the soldiers with their needs.At the battle of Bullrun,Clara Barton received permission from the government to take care of the sick and hurt.Barton did this with great kindness.She recognized each soldier as a person.When the war ended in 1865,she used 4 years of her life to help the government in searching for soldiers who were missing during the war.
In 1869,while she was on vacation in Europe,she got to know the International Red Cross,an
organization set up by the Geneva Convention in 1864.Clara Barton realized that the Red Cross would be a best help to die United States.After she returned to the United States,she worked very hard to create an American Red Cross. She talked to government leaders and let American people know about the Red Cross.In 1881,the National Society of the Red Cross was finally established in Washington,D.C. Clara Barton managed its activities for 23 years.
1.Which of the following is true of young Barton Clara?
A. She had an accident when she was 11.
B. She helped her father when he was a soldier.
C. She helped her brother who got hut in an accident.
D. She made a decision to live with her brother for 2 years.
2.The underlined part "did this" in Paragraph 2 refers to " ".
A. considered each soldier as a person.
B. helped search for the missing soldiers.
C. nursed the sick and hurt.
D. received permission.
3.What does the author talk about the American Red Cross?
A. It was brought to Europe by Barton.
B. Barton tried to have it set up in America.
C. The Americans were not interested in it..
D. It was first established in the Unites States.
4.What can be the best title of the text?
A. The Angle of the Battlefield.
B. The America Red Cross.
C. The American Civil War.
D. The International Red Cross.
1.The city was founded in the 8th century BC. In 89 BC, the Romans ____________ Pompeii.
2.I saw several houses which ______________ wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive.
3.An advertisement uses words and pictures to ______________ people to buy a product or service, or to believe in an idea.
4.However, we still must be aware of the skilful methods used in ads to try and sell us things. Even if an ad does not lie, it does not mean it is altogether ______________.
5.As a member of the International Olympic Committee, I am delighted to have been invited to your school to talk to you about the history and ___________ of the Olympic Games.
赞成 | 反对 |
1.广告能引导人们选择货物； 2.广告能使消费者更好地了解货物和商家； 3……. | 1.经常被虚假广告欺骗； 2.在阅读广告上浪费了大量的时间； 3……. |
你的观点：1……. 2…… | |
注意：1.短文的开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数。
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
3.词数100左右。
Nowadays, more and more advertisements appear on newspapers, broadcasting, magazines as well as streets. Advertisement is a popular way to communicate with consumers. People have different views on advertisements.
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But whether you like it or not, advertisements have become a part of our life.
