阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Have you ever told a story about someone but forgotten his or her name? Not 1._____ (worry)! In English, we have special names to replace it, so your story doesn’t come to a sudden stop.
In the US, if a name has been forgotten, 2.______ (simple) say the name John Doe for a man, or Jane Doe for a woman. You can use these names for any situation where someone’s name is 3.______ (miss). For example: “Did you see that guy who got wet 4._____ the rain?” “Ah yes, poor John Doe.”
But 5.______ exactly is John Doe? The name is not real. It first appeared around
6. ______ 14th century in English courts. It was used to protect the identity of certain people. Today, it is not used in England. Yet John Doe and Jane Doe are names used in legal courts in the US.7.______ are used when the identity of a person must not 8._____ (give) away.
However in England, unknown people are called John Smith. This is 9.______ John has always been one of the most common first 10._____ (name) in English. And Smith is the most common family name. So next time you forget someone’s name, you know what to say.
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Thanks to the magic of the Internet, booking your yearly trip is just a few clicks away. But you may throw money away when you travel. Here are some of the most common travel mistakes that waste your money and what you can do to fix them．
1.Not having travel insurance
1. But if Something bad does happen while you’re traveling and you aren’t covered（给……保险）, you’ll be left paying thousands of dollars.
What you should do: 2. It only costs a few dollars a day and it offered through many of the credit card companies．
2. Mismanaging your money
Whether it’s by using traveler’s checks, or getting cash before you go，you don’t look for the best rates.
What you should do： 3. Check if your bank has a partner ATM network in the country you’re visiting and it may cost you nothing to take out local cash.
3. Booking too early
People get excited about their trip and, to make it real，book their flight right away. 4. Both area mistake．
What you should do：Book your flight about two to three months in advance to secure the lowest fares.
4. Asking where to eat the wrong way
Even if you’re doing the smart thing and asking locals，“Where should I eat？”you’re asking the question in a wrong way. 5. .
What you should do：It seems simple but asking，“Where do you eat？”means a world of difference. Instead of guessing what you might like, a local can direct you to a place he likes to visit
A．Get travel insurance!
B．Or they forget and wait until the last minute.
C．Use the ATM for cash and a credit card for all your shopping．
D．A lot of people think“I’m just going away for a short time．I’ll be fine.”
E．Call a hotel to see if they will have a lower rate than what you find online.
F．You will be sent to restaurants that loca1s think tourists would want to visit．
G．Visit the tourism board when you arrive as they are experts on your location．
Is pricing a plane ticket based on the passenger's weight fair? If you're taking an international flight on Samoa Air today, your fare will be based on your weight, along with that of your luggage. The cost is 93 cents to $1.06 for each kilogram.
The average American woman weighs 75.5 kilograms, far from the ideal weight for her average height. Her ticket on Samoa Air, at the $1 a kilogram rate, would cost $75.50. But let's be honest here. Since the average American woman is overweight, the ticket will cost her more.
Samoa Air Chief Executive Chris Langton said, “Planes are run by weight and not by seat. The plane can only carry a certain amount of weight and that weight needs to be paid.”He believes other airlines should adopt the policy.
It’ s not a new idea. I remember a newspaper columnist years ago who put forth the idea that the heavier among us should pay more for their seats on planes, trains and buses. Who hasn’ t been squeezed into a middle seat between two plus-sized folks on a flight? It’ s happened to me; one time my married seatmates had purposefully chosen their seats to have more space until a sold-out flight put me between them. Not one of my better flying experiences.
What if such a policy is adopted by some airlines in the United States? Could such pricing provide a much-needed motivation for Americans to reduce body weight? I hope so. But, as we know, more than one-third of us are obese and another third are overweight. The high probability is that the heavy customers will not suddenly lose weight or stop flying, but will instead choose a different airline, simply moving the supposed problem elsewhere.
There's no doubt that the heavier will suffer more discrimination (歧视). Discrimination against the overweight in the United States has increased by 66 percent over the last decade —“and is comparable to rates of racial discrimination, especially among women,”wrote Yale University researcher Rebecca M. Puhl. Your weight can affect your salary, your chances for employment, how others view you and even, now, your air fares.
“If the policy succeeds it may encourage the spread of body discrimination across different industries and the wider culture,” said one British editorial writer. He holds that it is companies' duty to provide equipment that meet the needs of their customers.
And we'll see how effective it is as a business model.
1. In Paragraph 3, Chris Langton _____.
A. explained the reasons for the ticket policy
B. showed the difficulties of the ticket policy
C. expressed his doubt about the ticket policy
D. discussed the advantages of the ticket policy
2.If some American airlines adopt the ticket policy_____.
A. they will possibly lose a lot of customers
B. there will be less overweight people
C. people will use other forms of transportation
D. the problem of overweight planes will be partly solved
3. The author mentions Puhl's study to show_____.
A. women are less likely to suffer discrimination
B. racial discrimination is getting worse nowadays
C. the ticket policy will have little influence on the obese
D. the ticket policy will make body discrimination more serious
4.Which best describes the British editorial writer's attitude to Samoa Air's policy?
A. Optimistic. B. Defensive.
C. Disapproving. D. Casual.
Humans have launched themselves into the outer space. They’ve landed on the moon. They’ve built habitable space stations that orbit the Earth. The next giant leap for mankind is to reach another planet – specifically, Mars.
The problem is that it’s no easy task. The planet is 586 times further away from the Earth than the moon, and it’ll take around 180 to 220 days to reach Mars, depending on where each planet is in its orbit. Such long periods in space have suggested many potential health problems, including hormonal changes, skin conditions, and muscle and bone deterioration (损耗).
Here’s where some furry friends come in. A wide range of animals have been in space, from fruit flies and spiders to cats, and dogs. Such experiments began as far back as the late 1940s in first tests to see if living things could withstand the extreme g-force (重力) of a rocket launch.
Mice continue to play a very important part in space experiments, mainly because the animals make excellent test subjects. They’re small, which makes them inexpensive and easy to care for. In addition, their size and short life span make it possible to do the equivalent of several human years of tests in a much shorter time. Finally, because mice are mammals, they share many common characteristics with humans in terms of genetics, biology and behavior.
Astromice have hit the headlines recently, as a team of scientists led by Betty Nusgens, professor of biology at the University of Liege in Belgium, found that the mice suffered a 15 percent thinning of their skin after 91 days aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
This experiment was part of a wider NASA mission (任务) called the Mice Drawer System (MDS). The Italian Space Agency developed the facility, which allows six mice to be housed, monitored, and automatically fed and watered aboard the ISS, among which three survived during the mission.
The mice have participated in 20 separate experiments, to study such effects as osteoporosis (骨质疏松症), anemia (贫血) and heart health.
Results for the 20 experiments are coming in gradually. But it’s clear that mice continue to play an important role in the ongoing quest to conquer the final frontier.
1.We can infer from Paragraphs 2-3 that ______.
A. Mars is the farthest planet away from Earth discovered so far
B. the journey to Mars could put humans’ health at risk
C. it was in the late 1940s that animals were first sent to the ISS
D. animals that have been sent into space have mostly survived
2.The underlined word “withstand” in Para.3 means _________.
A.set up B. hold up
C. work out D. come across
3.According to Betty Nusgens and her team, the mice aboard the ISS ______.
A. suffered the loss of part of their skin
B. all survived for the duration of the mission
C. were fed and watered by the astronauts
D. participated in 20 experiments that made great breakthroughs
4. The main purpose of the article is to _____.
A. describe the role mice play in scientific research
B. report on the results of the Mice Drawer System
C. analyze how mice could pave the way to Mars
D. change people’s traditional attitudes toward mice
I was in my first year of college, making friends and enjoying life, but then my whole world turned upside down. I had a heart attack. It felt like someone was stabbing (刺) me in the chest with a knife over and over again.
After three months of rest I went back to college, but then things took a turn for the worse. I was staying at my Nana’s house and woke up in the middle of the night with a terrible pain in my chest. I knew I was having a heart attack again.
I couldn’t even shout for help. Luckily my grandpa was going to the toilet and heard me falling out of bed. If it wasn’t for him, I probably wouldn’t be here.
The two holes in my heart were causing the problems and I needed an operation immediately to repair them. Unfortunately, the surgery didn’t go well and they only managed to repair one of the holes.
When I woke up from the operation, I had a really dry mouth and couldn’t wait to have something to eat and drink. The biggest shock of all came when I was told that I needed a heart transplant and was put on the register. The doctors were stunned at how quickly heart failure came on – it usually takes years, but it took my heart less than six months to get to that stage. My whole world came crashing down, but I stayed strong. It was a choice between crying every day and getting on with my life.
As time went on, life became even harder. I hated feeling weak all the time and needing help with everything. It got to the point where I thought I would never get a new heart. I was diagnosed with depression.
Even though I thought that Christmas 2008 would be my last, I really enjoyed it and even had a good New Year. Everyone was crying for me when the clock struck midnight and they told me to keep fighting.
A week later, I got a call from the doctors saying they’d found a suitable donor (捐赠人). My wish came true and thankfully the operation went well. I spent four hours in surgery where they took out my old heart and put a new one in. When I woke up I burst out crying. I had a second chance at life.
1. What happened when the author was having his second heart attack?
A. He felt less pain than he had during the previous one.
B. He realized what it was and shouted for help in time.
C. He narrowly escaped death thanks to his grandfather.
D. He decided to have an operation to repair the two holes in his heart.
2.When the author learned that he needed a heart transplant, he ______.
A. couldn’t help crying every day
B. chose to continue to fight for his life
C. felt so depressed that he tried to kill himself
D. was so anxious that his heart failure developed very quickly
3. At the beginning of 2009, the author ______.
A. was convinced that the past Christmas had been his last
B. felt blessed and grateful for his second chance at life
C. received a heart transplant but the operation didn’t go well
D. felt hopeless all the time and was diagnosed with depression
4.Which one would be the best title for the text?
A. Choices matter
B. Rebuilding my world
C. Waiting for a new heart
D. The most special Christmas
The International School for Earth Studies
It’s a private，interdisciplinary institution specializing in earth-based studies．The Programs encourage students to explore the seeds of greatness，with a view to developing tomorrow’s environmentally sensitive spokespersons and leaders. The principle goal is to help students develop responsibility inspired through appreciation and love for natural places and the greater environment．
Program Location（s）：Newfoundland，Canada
Phone：819—647—3226
Email：info＠earthstudies.ca
Expedition Education Institute
Do you want to be an ecological leader，to become deeply rooted in the natural world and in your own power to make change and create a better，more resilient world？
Organized as the equivalent （等价物）to a semester abroad，Expedition Education Institute offers a unique opportunity for gap year participants to be personally transformed and academically challenged and supported to become better and more self-directed life-long learners．
Program Location（s）：USA
Phone：207—322—2973
Email：Info＠expedition educatlon.org
The Experiment in International Living
It provides summer abroad programs for high school students who want to connect deeply and engage meaningfully with the richness and complexities of another country. Programs are designed to equip participants not only with essential cultural skills and，in many cases，language skills，but also with a deeper awareness of and sensitivity to critical global issues shaping the diverse communities and regions we visit.
Program Location（s）：Europe，the Americas，Africa，south of the Sahara
Phone：800—345—2929
Email：experiment＠worldlearning.org
Visitoz
It’s the Only organization in Australia that guarantees jobs for young people coming to our country on a Work and Holiday Visa. For young Americans this is a huge chance to get away from home and stand on their own two feet to make their own decisions．
Program Location（s）：Australia
Phone：4168—6106
Email：info＠visitoz.org
1.If you want to learn to be independent，what phone number will you dial？
A. 819—l647—3226． B. 207—322—2973．
C. 800一345—2929. D. 4168—6106．
2.Which one attracts a student interested in international affairs most？
A．Visitoz．
B．Expedition Education Institute．
C．The Experiment in International Living．
D．The International School for Earth Studies．
3.The main purpose of the passage is to .
A. attract more students to take an active part
B. persuade people to study language skills
C. advise people to stay in nature more and more
D. compare the differences of four different programs
