Question

From the moment that an animal is born it has to make decisions. It has to decide which of the things around it are for eating, and which are to be avoided; when to attack and when to run away. The animal is, in fact, playing a complicated and potentially dangerous game with its environment, discomfort or destruction.

This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn about the world wholly by trial and error, for there are too many possible decisions which would prove fatal. So we find, in practice, that the game is always arranged in favor of the young animal in one way or another. Either the animal is protected during the early stages of its learning about the world around it, or the knowledge of which way to respond is built into its nervous system from the start.

The fact that animals behave sensibly can be attributed partly to what we might call genetic learning, to distinguish it from individual learning that an animal does in the cause of its own life time. Genetic learning is learning by a species as a whole, and it is achieved by selection of those members of each generation that happen to behave in the right way. However, genetic learning depends upon a prediction that the future will more or less exactly resemble the past. The more variable individual experience is likely to be, the less efficient is genetic learning as a means of getting over the problems of the survival game. It is not surprising to find that very few species indeed depend wholly upon genetic learning. In the great majority of animals, behavior is a compound of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are born with．That is why animals can survive．

1.The survival game is considered complicated and potentially very dangerous because ________.

A. decisions made by animals may prove fatal

B. animals are often in danger of being attacked

C. animals make decisions entirely by trial

D. environment is not fit for animals to survive

2.Most animals survive because they can make right decisions by ________.

A. a series of trials and errors

B. knowledge obtained in their life time

C. the nervous system

D. genetic learning and individual experience

3.Concerning the relationship between genetic learning and individual experience, which of the following is right?

A. They develop side by side.

B. They are contradictory, but individual experience is the dominant.

C. Genetic learning is likely to function more if the environments don’t vary much.

D. Genetic learning is more efficient than individual experience.

4.“Genetic learning” refers to ________.

A. learning after an animal is born

B. learning obtained by some members of each generation who happen to behave properly

C. learning gained by all the members in a species

D. learning gained by young animals from their experience

5.What cannot be inferred from the article?

A. The majority of animals depend thoroughly upon genetic learning.

B. Animal behave in particular ways as a result of both individual experience and genetic learning.

C. If animal depended wholly upon individual experience, its chance of survival would be little.

D. Genetic learning depends on the assumption of resemblance between the future and the past.

Answer

1.A

2.D

3.C

4.B

5.A

【解析】

试题分析：本文介绍了自然界的动物是如何生存下来的。

1. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句The animal is, in fact, playing a complicated and potentially dangerous game with its environment, discomfort or destruction.可知，这种游戏很危险，如果选择错了就会毁灭。故选A。

2. 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句In the great majority of animals, behavior is a compound of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are born with．That is why animals can survive．可知，多数动物都生存下来是因为动物的行为是个体经验加上基因遗传学习的综合，故选D。

3. 推理判断题。如果环境变化少，那么遗传性学习作用就大。故选C。

4. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段第二句Genetic learning is learning by a species as a whole, and it is achieved by selection of those members of each generation that happen to behave in the right way.可知，遗传学习是一个整体的学习，它是通过选择每一代以正确的方式行事的成员来达到的。故选B。

5. 推理判断题。根据最后一段In the great majority of animals, behavior is a compound of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are born with．That is why animals can survive.可知，物种的生存依赖于本能和生存经验，并不是完全依靠本能，故A项是错误的。

【名师点拨】

推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中的某一句话，也可能是某几句话，所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。推理判断题的题干中通常含infer,suggest,imply,conclude indicate等标志性词语。 这种题型主要包括细节判断题、态度观点推断题、写作意图推断题、文章出处判断题和猜测想象推断题。比如，第29小题A推断题。根据最后一段“...are a compound of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are born with.That is why animals can survive.”可知物种的生存依赖于本能和生存经验。故选A。

考点：考查科技类阅读