Unlike chemists and physicists, who usually do their experiments using machines, biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats. But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves – all in the name of science, reported The Telegraph.
● Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)
Forssmann was a German scientist. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery (手术).
Experiments had been done on horses before, so he wanted to try with human patients. But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.
Not giving up, Forssmann decided to experiment on himself. He anaesthetized (麻醉) his own arm and made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein (血管). He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.
● Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)
Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid (胃酸). But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria (细菌) called Helicobacter pylori. So he teamed up with his colleague, Barry Marshall, to continue the study. When their request to experiment on patients was denied, Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria. Five days later, he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting (呕吐) each morning – he indeed had gastritis.
● Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)
This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell (免疫细胞) called the dendritic cell. He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.
Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients. So in 2007, when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year, he saw an opportunity.
With the help of his colleagues, he gave himself three different vaccines (疫苗) based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies (疗法). Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer, he lived four and a half years, much longer than doctors had said he would.
1. The main purpose of the article is to ______.
A. list some famous Nobel prize winners.
B. introduce a few Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves.
C. describe some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize-winners did on themselves.
D. list some difficulties that scientists go through to make important discoveries in biology .
2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?
A. Forssmann’s experiment ended in failure.
B. Forssmann had the pipe pushed all the way into his heart.
C. Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori.
D. Barry Marshall was given full responsibility for the study on gastritis at first.
3. The underlined word “gastritis” in Paragraph 5 probably means ______.
A. a kind of stomach disease
B. a kind of immune cell
C. a new type of therapy
D. a type of leg cancer
4.From the text, we can conclude that Ralph Steinman ______.
A. had his request to experiment on patients denied
B. believed that cancer comes from stress and spicy food
C. discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell
D. tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself
I have this old clock that belonged to my mom. My dad gave it to me years ago after mom passed away.
I have mixed feelings about keeping the clock. I love it because it was my mom’s, but it also holds some bad memories.
You see, it chimes (打钟报时). It counts out the hour and rings once on the half hour. Or at least it used to. Now you never know what number it will ring.
When my mother was at home dying from cancer, she asked for the clock to be unplugged (拔去插头等). Hearing the hours count down really angered and frightened her.
Mom passed away. I decided I wanted to get the clock fixed so I could remember the good hours we had with her.
I took it to a local clock shop the other day.
“I know this has no particular value as a clock, but it was my mom’s and I need to get it fixed,” I said to the shop owner.
I went on to describe the problem.
“We get a lot of these in,” he told me. “Here’s what I do. We remove the clock works (机件) and replace it with a battery -operated movement (机芯) that chimes electronically,” he told me.
“You can’t fix this?” “No, we don’t have the time nor the parts.”
I thanked him and went home. I called a few other places and was told the same thing.
“How incredibly sad,” I told the last one disappointedly.
We copy the original instead of creating something new. We duplicate (复制); we don’t originate (发明). How incredibly sad that we have become a society that replaces craftsmanship (手艺) with convenience and easy fixes.
Sadly, this is also our attitude toward life itself.
Each of us is an original, one of a kind. But we find it so much easier to copy another’s style than to develop our own.
We are wannabes (崇拜别人的人) rather than “hey-world-look-at-me”s.
We fail to see the real value in who we are, so we spend our lives trying to be someone else.
1.The author decided to get the clock fixed because it ______.
A. was a really old and valuable clock
B. left the author with mixed feelings
C. was the only thing that his mother had left him
D. brought him memories of being with his mother
2.What did the clock shop owners tell the author?
A. It would cost a lot to repair the clock.
B. They could only make the clock electronic.
C. The parts that the clock needed were electronic.
D. They had never repaired a clock like this before.
3.The purpose of the article is to criticize ______.
A. the irresponsible clock shop owners
B. people who do not value things with a history
C. people who do not have a creative attitude toward life
D. people’s ignorance (无知) of traditional craftsmanship
Fifteen years ago, I made a living by driving a taxi. One time I arrived in the middle of the night for a pickup at a building that was except for a single light in a ground floor window. I walked to the door and .
A small woman in her 80’s opened the door. I took her suitcase to the cab then returned to her into the cab. She thanked me for my kindness. When we got in the taxi, she gave me a(n) , then asked, “Could you drive through ?”
“It’s not the way,” I answered.
“Oh, I don’t ,” she said. “I’m in no hurry. I’m on my way to a hospice (临终关怀医院).”
I looked in the rear view mirror (后视镜). Her eyes were glistening (闪烁).
“The doctor says I don’t have very long.”
I quietly reached over and the meter (计程器). “What would you like me to take?” I asked.
For the next two hours, we drove through the city. She showed me the building where she had once worked as an elevator operator. We drove through the where she and her husband had lived. Sometimes she’d ask me to in front of a particular building or corner and would sit staring into the darkness, saying nothing.
As the sun was , she suddenly said: “I’m . Let’s go now.”
We drove in to the address she had given me. There were people waiting for her and they put her in a wheelchair.
“How much do I you?” she asked, reaching into her purse.
“Nothing,” I said.
Almost without thinking, I bent and gave her a hug. She held onto me .
“You gave an old woman a little moment of ,” she said.
I squeezed her hand, then walked into the dim morning light. Behind me, a door shut.
I didn’t any more passengers that shift. I drove aimlessly, in thought.
We’re used to thinking that our lives focus on great moments. But great moments often us unaware.
1.A. old B. dark C. dirty D. lonely
2.A. entered B. knocked C. listened D. ran
3.A. invite B. watch C. help D. receive
4.A. address B. letter C. speech D. gift
5.A. playground B. downtown C. countryside D. community
6.A. shortest B. funniest C. safest D. longest
7.A. consider B. doubt C. know D. mind
8.A. cut out B. showed off C. shut off D. turned on
9.A. responsibility B. order C. role D. route
10.A. apartment B. environment C. neighborhood D. plant
11.A. break down B. get off C. speed up D. slow down
12.A. changing B. moving C. rising D. setting
13.A. tired B. embarrassed C. terrified D. confused
14.A. darkness B. turn C. silence D. sadness
15.A. love B. owe C. charge D. cost
16.A. mysteriously B. tightly C. patiently D. accurately
17.A. joy B. security C. trouble D. profit
18.A. talk with B. call up C. pick up D. take away
19.A. annoyed B. lost C. mad D. guilty
20.A. catch B. drive C. improve D. puzzle
—Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. I am sure we will win.
—______！
A. Congratulations B. Cheers
C. Never mind D. Good luck
Little Tom tiptoed quietly to the bird, but ______ into the forest when he was about to catch it.
A. flew it away B. away flew it
C. away it flew D. flew away it
I went to see Professor Johnson, only ______ that he had left the city the night before.
A. to learn B. learn
C. learned D. learning
