HOW many of you have used rock, paper, scissors (RPS) as a “fair” way to settle something? If you think it is a game of chance, think again, according to scientists.
RPS is a game as popular in the East as it is in the West. The rules are the same: Two players make one of the three hand signs. To decide the winner, rock breaks scissors, scissors cut paper, and paper covers rock.
Many of us play with no game plan in mind. But researchers have worked out several winning patterns. The World Rock Paper Scissors Society holds tournaments (联赛) in Toronto, Canada. According to their data, players choose rock (35.4 percent) and paper (35 percent) more than scissors (29.6 percent).
If your opponent is a man or an angry person, it’s quite possible they will start the game with rock, researchers have found. If your opponent is a woman or a beginner, you should expect them to start with scissors.
Earlier this year, Chinese scientists asked 360 students to compete in a RPS tournament at Zhejiang University. Scientists found that winners tend to choose the same action they won with, while the loser tends to change to the next action in the order of rock, scissors, paper. This is called the “win-stay lose-change” strategy(策略). Humans use this strategy in many competitive situations.
Expert RPS players have many other techniques. Monica Martinez, 2008 winner of the World RPS Tournament, said that she read faces.“I didn’t worry about what I was going to do, I just did what I thought they were going to do,” she told The Telegraph. If your friends are similar experts, learn from Jonathan Monaco, winner of the 2009 USA RPS Tournament. He wears dark sunglasses to cover his expressions during the game.
Remember, the strategy for playing RPS depends on how skilled your opponent is. But if you’re looking for a quick, simple winning rule for a match, choose paper. Scissors is the least popular choice, and men favor rock. Both are reasons to choose paper.
1.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A. The popularity of RPS games around the world.
B. The general rules of RPS games.
C. A game plan for RPS games.
D. The fairness of RPS games.
2.According to the article, researchers worked out some winning patterns for RPS games mainly by _______.
A. studying the rules of the game
B. analyzing game data
C. interviewing expert players
D. organizing major tournaments
3.Which of the following statements about Monica Martinez is TRUE according to the article?
A. She likes to use the same actions many times in a row when playing the game.
B. She usually follows the order of rock, scissors and paper when playing the game.
C. She is good at reading her opponent’s moves when playing the game.
D. She often wears dark sunglasses when playing the game.
4.We can infer from the last paragraph that _______.
A. scissors is the most popular choice of skilled RPS players
B. paper is a safer choice than rock and scissors for RPS players
C. beginners have barely any chance of winning against skilled RPS players
D. men are usually better at RPS games than women
I have happy memories of trips to Europe, but my trip to Romania was unique. My husband was born there, but his family sent him to study in Italy. He hasn’t seen his family since he was 16.
When we reached Bucharest, his family was waiting outside to greet us. After a lot of hugging, kissing, and crying, his family also embraced (拥抱) me, the American wife with two young children. They had great interest in me. Few Americans visited Romania at that time, and most Romanians had little chance to travel. His family loved our gifts. We made trips to the Black Sea and the Carpathian Mountains. Eating at outdoor cafes to the sound of gypsy violins was very different, but nothing was as unforgettable as family dinners.
Most Romanian homes had old-fashioned washing machines but no dryers. It was a hot summer. My husband’s relatives didn’t want to risk dirtying their clothes. Their solution was as simple as it was surprising: The women had dinner in their bras (文胸) and slips (衬裙). The men were shirtless. They all had jobs, so time was precious. Disrobing (脱去衣服) for dinner was a small inconvenience compared with the effort of doing laundry – at least in their household, and perhaps all across Romania. I washed my clothes by hand and hung them outdoors to dry. I, of course, having just met them, ate fully clothed.
On the last night of our three-week stay, we had a large family dinner. I was tired of washing my clothes. So I pulled my dress over my head and placed it on the chair behind me. The table applauded. Even with my poor Romanian, I understood that they were saying: “She’s part of our family now.”
1.When the author arrived in her husband’s hometown, _____.
A. his family showed no respect for her at first
B. she intended to talk to his family in English
C. she got extra attention from his family for her nationality
D. she found that she hadn’t brought enough gifts for his family
2.What surprised the author most during her visit to her husband’s family?
A. Most of his family members didn’t travel a lot at the time.
B. Women in his family had dinner in only their underclothes.
C. Most of her husband’s relatives didn’t like doing laundry.
D. They had old-fashioned washing machines but no dryers at home.
3.On the last night of the author’s stay, the family applauded her because _____.
A. the author disrobed for dinner as the family did
B. they just wanted to show their love for the author
C. the author could finally understand them easily
D. it was time for the author to give a speech
书面表达（25分）
假如你叫李华，刚刚升入高中。开学已经两个月了，你认识了很多新同学和老师，还结交了许多新朋友，其中同桌怡欣是你最好的朋友。请你写信给老朋友琳琳，介绍一下你的情况, 并希望大家都能努力, 为三年后的高考而奋斗。
注意: (1) 词数：60--80左右
(2) 开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。
(3) 参考词汇: the National College Entrance Examinations高考
Dear Linlin
____________________________________________________________________
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Yours,
文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear sir,
I'm glad to recommend (推荐) you to my friend Li Ming. Li Ming was born in July 15 , 1974 in Beijing. He graduated from Xisi Primary School in 1986 .
When he was in the middle school, he did good in maths, physics and chemistry and fond of art. After graduating from No. 4 High School, he entered Beijing University study physics. After four year of hard work there, he went to the United States for further study. Because of his excellent work, he get a doctor's degree in physics in this year. He is now in good health but would like to make contributions to our country．I will be most gratefully if you consider my recommendation．
Looking forward to receive your early reply.
在空白处填入适当的内容（不超过3个词），或括号内单词的正确形式。（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）
Nowadays, almost everyone 1.___（realize）that smoking is 2.___（harm）to people’s health. Sometimes it 3.______ causes fire.
In China, about 38% of the people smoke. Every year, they smoke millions of packets of 4._____. It’s bad news for the health of nation.
It’s known that smoking can cause different kinds of disease. Every year, many people die 5.___ these illnesses, such as lung and throat cancers. It also costs the government much money to look 6.___ these sick people. Smoking is also harmful to those7.____ don’t smoke, 8.______（especial）to children and women.
In a word, smoking is no good. 9.____ you want to smoke, just think of those who suffer from diseases 10.____ the fires that destroy people’s lives and properties!
完形填空（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）
I live in a big city. It is noisy and dirty and I always feel very______. At the weekends, I like to leave the city and get some ______air and have a good rest. A few weeks ago, I decided_____ to see my_______ .I was really looking forward to ________ them as soon as possible.
My parents live a long way away. I went to see them with James, a friend of________. And we drove there_______ Friday night. In the middle of the road it began to rain.
The roads became very wet and it was difficult to________. We _____ home just after midnight, feeling very tired. The next morning it was still______. James took his car to a garage(汽车修理厂) ________ was very good.
In the afternoon the_______ got better. We wanted to go for a drive. My parents______ us their car.But their car was not very good. It didn’t______on the way.How _______ we were! We had to call up the garage. “Oh”, they said, “your car won’t ______ until tomorrow.” So it wasn’t ______for us to go for drive. We had to stay at my parents’ home all day. On Sunday my mother ______ a heavy box on her foot and we had to hire(雇佣) a taxi _____ her to hospital. When James and I drove back home on Sunday afternoon, we got stuck in a car accident. Oh, my God! Next time if I want a rest, I will stay in the_____.
1.A. exhausted B. energetic C. amazed D. happy
2.A. cold B. dry C. fresh D. cool
3.A. to go B. going C. gone D. to be going
4.A. comrades B. friends C. neighbors D. parents
5.A. to meet B. met C. meeting D. being met
6.A. mine B. I C. my D. me
7.A. in B. at C. to D. on
8.A. ride B. drive C. walk D. run
9.A. arrived at B. arrived C. got to D. arrived in
10.A.blowing B. snowing C. raining D. shining
11.A. that B. where C. whose D. who
12.A. sky B. earth C. water D. weather
13.A. lent B. borrowed C. sold D. bought
14.A. move B. run C. work D. start
15.A. lucky B. amused C. unlucky D. pleased
16.A. be repaired B. repaired C. been repairing D. repair
17.A. easy B. possible C. necessary D. right
18.A. put B. threw C. dropped D. fell
19.A. to bring B. to take C. bring D. take
20.A. country B. city C. mountain D. village
