Question

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behavior are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. 

Social scientists are of course extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behavior. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”．

    Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory states that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts(本能)．

    Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli (刺激) as the basis of their behavior. 

Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are far-reaching. In the US，for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites. Behaviorists, on the contrary, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.

    Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain. 

1.This passage is mainly concerned with ________.

A. relation between personality and behavior

B. relation between behavior and environment

C. different accounts of patterns of human behavior

D. different theories of the formation of human behavior 

2.The underlined word “proponents” in Paragraph 2 means ________.

A. creators   B. advisors  

C. advocates    D. judges 

3.In Paragraph 5, the author mainly writes about ________.

A. the considerable influence of the two theories

B. differences between the blacks and whites

C. racial discrimination in the United States

D. different responds to intelligence tests 

4.What's the author's purpose in writing the passage?

A. To call our attention to the changes of human behavior.

B. To urge scientists to do more research in social science.

C. To give us a detailed explanation of human behavior.

D. To present an argument in the field of social science.

Answer

1.D

2.C

3.A

4.D

【解析】

试题分析: 本文主要讨论了人的个性和智力是先天形成的还是受环境影响的

1.主旨大意题。首段首句指出作者要讨论的问题，第 2 段开始从两个方面解释 该问题，末段是总结段，由此看来，首段首句和末段首句提到的 human behavior 是本文的 中心内容，虽然文章首段第 2 句就提到 intelligent 一词， 但该句的 intelligent， cooperative， competitive 等都只是举例说明首句有关 personalities 和 behaviors 的问题， 由此可见，选项 B 并非本文主旨；作者提到两种理论是为了解释性格和行为形成的原因，并非讨论这两种理论形成的原因，因此 A和C两项均不正确。选D

2.猜词题。根据文章内容，我们可以判断 proponent 应指人，指这两种理论的支持者，只有 advocates“拥护者”符合这种推测，故选 C。

3.段落大意题：题干问第五段主要关于什么，这要看第五段的结构。第一句Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are far-reaching.很明心是个概括句，下面的论据是为了证明这两个理论的相当大的影响。选A

4.写作意图题：结合文章的首尾可知作者的写作目的是为了介绍社会科学领域的一个争论吗，答案选D

考点：社会现象类阅读。