What her most was that nobody had even bothered to tell her about the changed timetable.
A. upset B. ignored C. shocked D. trapped
Rene Descartes’ explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine. He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon – that tissue injury makes specific nerves send a signal to the brain, causing the mind to notice pain. The phenomenon, he said, is like pulling on a rope to ring a bell in the brain. It is hard to overstate how deeply fixed this account has become. In medicine, doctors see pain in Descartes’ terms — as a physical process, a sign of tissue injury.
The limitations of this explanation, however, have been apparent for some time, since people with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no pain at all. Later, researchers proposed that Descartes’ model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain. They argued that before pain signals reach the brain, they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord(脊髓). In some cases, this imaginary gate could simply stop pain signals from getting to the brain.
Their most amazing suggestion was that what controlled the gate was not just signals from sensory nerves but also emotions and other “output” from the brain. They were saying that pulling on the rope need not make the bell ring. The bell itself —the mind— could stop it. This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood, gender, and beliefs influence the experience of pain. In a British study, for example, researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a common measurement: after immersing your hand in body-temperature water for two minutes to establish a baseline condition, you put your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running. You mark the time when it begins to hurt: that is your pain threshold. Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water: that is your pain tolerance. The test is always stopped at 120 seconds, to prevent injury.
The results were striking. On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds. Female dancers were almost three times as long on both counts. Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain, but the difference between male dancers and male nondancers was nearly as large. What explains that difference? Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers — a group known for self-discipline, physical fitness, and competitiveness, as well as by a high rate of chronic(慢性) injury. Their driven personalities and competitive culture evidently accustom them to pain. Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and that, with training, one can reduce one’s sensitivity to pain.
There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggestion can have powerful effects on pain. In one study of 500 patients undergoing dental procedures, those who were given a placebo(安慰剂) injection and promised that it would relieve their pain had the least discomfort — not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also less than the patients who got actual drug without any promise that it would work.
Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience of pain and is no more bell on a string. Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact. There’s a problem with it, though. It explains people who have injuries but feel no pain, but it doesn’t explain the reverse, which is far more common — the millions of people who experience chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever. So where does the pain come from? The rope and clapper are gone, but the bell is still ringing.
1.The primary purpose of the passage is to .
A. describe how modern research has updated an old explanation
B. support a traditional view with new data
C. promote a particular attitude towards physical experience
D. suggest a creative treatment for a medical condition
2.Which statement best describes Descartes theory of pain presented in paragraph 1?
A. The brain can shut pain off at will.
B. The brain plays no part in the body’s experience of pain.
C. Pain can be caused in many different ways.
D. Pain is an automatic response to bodily injury.
3.The author implies that the reason why the gate control was “amazing” was that it .
A. offered an extremely new and original explanation
B. was just opposite to people’s everyday experiences
C. was grounded in an ridiculous logic
D. was so sensible it should have been proposed centuries before
4.The author refers to “chronic back pain” as an example of something that is .
A. costly, because it troubles millions of people
B. puzzling, because it sometimes has no obvious cause
C. disappointing, because it does not improve with treatment
D. worrying, because it lies beyond the reach of medicine
5.The last sentence of the passage serves mainly to express that .
A. scientific judgments are difficult to understand
B. theoretical investigations are generally useless
C. researchers still have a long way to go before the puzzle is made clear
D. there is always something puzzling at the heart of science
Tayka Hotel De Sal
Where: Tahua, Bolivia
How much: About $95 a night
Why it’s cool: You’ve stayed at hotels made of brick or wood, but salt? That’s something few can claim. Tayka Hotel de Sal is made totally of salt—including the beds (though you’ll sleep on regular mattresses(床垫) and blankets). The hotel sits on the Salar de Uyuni, a prehistoric dried-up lake that’s the world’s biggest salt flat. Builders use the salt from the 4,633-square-mile flat to make the bricks, and glue them together with a paste of wet salt that hardens when it dries. When rain starts to dissolve the hotel, the owners just mix up more salt paste to strengthen the bricks.
Green Magic Nature Resort
Where: Vythiri, India
How much: About $240 a night
Why it’s cool: Ridding a pulley(滑轮)-operated lift 86 feet to your treetop room is just the start of your adventure. As you look out of your open window—there is no glass!—you watch monkeys and birds in the rain forest canopy. Later you might test your fear of heights by crossing the handmade rope bridge to the main part of the hotel, or just sit on your bamboo bed and read. You don’t even have to come down for breakfast—the hotel will send it up on the pulley-drawn “elevator”.
Dog Bark Park Inn B&B
Where: Cottonwood, Idaho
How much: $92 a night
Why it’s cool: This doghouse isn’t just for the family pet．Sweet Willy is a 30-foot-tall dog with guest rooms in his belly. Climb the wooden stairs beside his hind leg to enter the door in his side. You can relax in the main bedroom, go up a few steps of the loft(阁楼）in Willy’s head, or hang out inside his nose. Although you have a full private bathroom in your quarters, there is also a toilet in the 12-foot-tall fire hydrant (消防栓）outside.
Gamirasu Cave Hotel
Where: Ayvali, Turkey
How much: Between $130 and $475 a night
Why it’s cool: This is caveman cool! Experience what it was like 5,000 years ago, when people lived in these mountain caves formed by volcanic ash. But your stay will be much more modern. Bathrooms and electricity provide what you expect from a modern hotel, and the white volcanic ash, called tufa, keeps the rooms cool, about 65℉ in summer. (Don’t worry—there is heat in winter.)
1.What do we know about Tayka Hotel de Sal?
A. It is located on a prehistoric lake.
B. It should be protected against the rain.
C. Everything in the hotel is made of salt.
D. You have to cross a rope bridge to the hotel.
2.What is the similarity of the four hotels?
A. Being expensive. B. Being comfortable.
C. Being natural. D. Being unique.
3.What does the underlined part “Sweet Willy” refer to?
A. The name of the hotel.
B. The name of the hotel owner.
C. The building of Dog Bark Park Inn B&B.
D. The name of a pet dog of the hotel owner.
4.Which of the hotels makes you have a feeling of living in the far past?
A. Tayka Hotel De Sal B. Green Magic Nature Resort
C. Dog Bark Park Inn B&B D. Gamirasu Cave Hotel
5.What may be the purpose of the writer writing the passage?
A. To show his wide knowledge
B. To introduce some interesting hotels
C. To develop business in tourism
D. To attract attention from the readers
Tensions have erupted over some barren rocks in the Pacific that you may never have heard of, but stay tuned—this is a boundary dispute(争端) that could get ugly and some day have far-reaching consequences for China, Japan, Taiwan and the United States.
The islands in dispute are called the Senkaku chain by Japan, the Diaoyu islands by China, and the Diaoyutai by Taiwan. All three claim the islands, which are really just five small islands and three barren rocks northeast of Taiwan, 200 miles off the Chinese coast.
The latest conflict occurred when a Chinese fishing boat collided(碰撞) with two Japanese naval ships trying to stop it near the islands. The Japanese prevented the Chinese captain from leaving the place for questioning and the two countries have been exchanging angry protests.
The reason to worry is that nationalists in both China and Taiwan see the islands as unquestionably theirs and think that their government has been weak in claiming this authority.
So far, wiser heads have generally won the argument on each side, but at some point a weakened Chinese leader might try to gain the legal right with the public by pushing the issue and recovering the islands. It would be a dangerous game and would have a disastrous impact on China-Japan relations, but if successful it would raise the popularity of the Chinese government.
In reality, of course, there is zero chance that the U.S. will honor its treaty(条约) with Japan over a few barren rocks. We're not going to risk a nuclear conflict with China over some islands that may well be China's. But if we don't help, our security relationship with Japan will be at the breaking point.
So which country has a better claim to the islands? My feeling is that it's China, although the answer isn't clear-cut. Chinese navigational records show the islands as Chinese for many centuries, and a 1783 Japanese map shows them as Chinese as well. Japan purported to “discover” the islands only in 1884 and took control of them by force only in 1895 when it also grabbed Taiwan.
The best approach would be for China and Japan to agree to refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice, but realistically that won't happen. And since some believe that the area is rich with oil and gas reserves, the claims from each side have become more insistent.
As Chinese nationalism grows, as China's navy and ability to project power in the ocean gains, we could see some military conflicts over the islands.
Taken from NewYork Times
1.The underlined word “purported” (in Para.7) is closest in meaning to “_____”.
A. happened B. claimed C. pretended D. intended
2.The latest conflict referred to in the passage occurred because _____.
A. the Japanese government has bought the Diaoyu Islands from the Liyuans
B. two Japanese naval ships sailed in the Chinese sea around the Diaoyu Islands
C. the Japanese kept the captain of a fishing boat from returning for questioning
D. a fishing boat collided with two Japanese naval ships by design in the Japanese sea
3.Which of the following is the author's personal idea?
A. It is the two Japanese naval ships that are to blame for the conflict.
B. It is the Chinese captain of a fishing boat that is to blame for the conflict.
C. It is the U.S. that will honor its treaty with Japan over a few barren rocks.
D. It is China that has a better claim to the islands because of its navigational records.
4.What can be inferred according to the passage?
A. The claim from both sides has become more insistent.
B. Japan has navy and ability to power the Diaoyu Islands.
C. China is developing so quickly that it will declare a war on Japan.
D. The dispute between China and Japan has put the U.S. in a dilemma.
A daughter thought life was unpromising to her and complained to her father about it. She did not know how she was going to 21 and wanted to give up. She was 22 of fighting and struggling. It seemed as if one problem was just solved before a new one 23 .
Her father, a cook, took her to the 24 . He filled three pots with water and placed each on a high 25 . Soon the pots came to a 26 . In one he placed carrots, in the second he placed eggs, and the last he placed ground coffee beans. He let them sit and boil, without saying a word.
The daughter sucked her teeth and 27 waited, asking repeatedly what he was doing. In about twenty minutes he turned off the 28 . He fished the carrots out and placed them in a bowl. He pulled the eggs out and placed them in a bowl. Then he spooned the coffee out and placed it in another. Turning to her he asked, “Darling, what do you see?”
“Carrots, eggs, and coffee,” she replied.
He brought her closer and asked her to 29 the carrots. She did and noted that they were soft. He then asked her to take an egg and break it. After pulling off the 30 , she observed the hard-boiled egg! Finally, he asked her to taste the coffee. She smiled 31 she tasted its rich flavor. She humbly asked, “What does it mean, Father?”
He explained that each of them had faced the same 32 , boiling water, but each 33 differently. The carrot went in 34 and hard. But after being subjected to the boiling water, it 35 and became weak. The egg had been 36 . Its thin outer shell had protected its liquid interior. But after sitting 37 the boiling water, its inside became hardened. The ground coffee beans were unique, 38 . After they were in the boiling water, they had 39 the water.
“Which are you?” he asked his daughter. “When adversity knocks on your door, 40 do you respond? Are you a carrot, an egg, or a coffee bean?”
1.A. make out B. make it C. make up D. make through
2.A. typical B. conscious C. tired D. warned
3.A. raised B. arose C. disappeared D. faded
4.A. room B. market C. kitchen D. grocery
5.A. shelf B. temperature C. fire D. table
6.A. boil B. cool C. hot D. smoke
7.A. happily B. calmly C. casually D. impatiently
8.A. lights B. burners C. tap D. water
9.A. see B. carry C. feel D. fetch
10.A. shell B. pack C. bag D. cover
11.A. since B. as C. before D. if
12.A. occasion B. point C. variety D. adversity
13.A. reflected B. answered C. abandoned D. reacted
14.A. stable B. weak C. strong D. sensitive
15.A. softened B. widened C. shortened D. sharpened
16.A. half-done B. easily-broken C. easily-got D. hard-boiled
17.A. over B. for C. through D. on
18.A. however B. otherwise C. besides D. moreover
19.A. melted B. absorbed C. polluted D. changed
20.A. what B. how C. when D. why
—Fancy meeting you here at this time!
—
A. Glad to see you. B. It's a small world
C. So did I. D. Oh, haven't you?
