Attitude is an internal(内在的) state that influences the choices of personal action made by the individual(个人). Some researchers consider that attitudes come from differences between beliefs and ideas; others believe that attitudes come from emotional states. Here, we focus on the effects of attitudes upon behavior, that is, upon the choices of action made by the individual.
The kinds of actions taken by human beings are obviously influenced greatly by attitudes. Whether one listens to classical music or rock, whether one obeys the speed limit while driving, whether one encourages one’s husband or wife to express his or her own ideas-all are influenced by attitudes. These internal states are acquired(获得) throughout life from situations one is faced with in the home, in the streets, and in the school.
Of course, the course of action chosen by an individual in any situation will be largely determined by the particulars of that situation. An individual who has a strong attitude of obeying laws may drive too fast when he is in a hurry and no police cars in sight. A child who has a strong attitude of honesty may steal a penny when she thinks no one will notice. But the internal state which remains unchanged over a period of time, and which makes the individual behave regularly in a variety of situations, is what is meant by an attitude.
Attitudes are learned in a variety of ways. They can result from single events, as when an attitude toward snakes is acquired by an experience in childhood at the sudden movement of a snake. They can result from the individual’s experiences of success and pleasure, as when someone acquires a positive attitude toward doing crossword puzzles by being able to complete some of them. And frequently, they are learned by copying other people’s behavior, as when a child learns how to behave toward foreigners by observing the actions of his parents. Regardless of these differences, there is something in common in the learning and modification(修正) of attitudes.
1.According to the passage, attitudes .
A. come from different situations in one’s life
B. are largely affected by one’s behavior
C. remain unchanged in one’s daily life
D. could be chosen according to one’s will
2.The author uses the examples in Paragraph 3 to show .
A. people often make mistakes when they are not noticed
B. people with good attitudes may sometimes do bad deeds
C. particulars of a situation may influence an individual’s action
D. an individual may change his or her attitude fairly easily
3.Which of the following is TRUE about the learning of attitudes?
A. Attitudes are only learned through one’s success.
B. Attitudes learned in danger will last no more.
C. Copying others’ behavior is not a good idea.
D. Attitudes can be learned from one’s parents.
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Differences of Attitudes. B. Nature(本质) of Attitude.
C. Choices of Attitudes. D. Changes of Attitude.
Well before classes start, students and teachers order Lattes, Cappuccinos and Hot Chocolates. Then, during the first period, teachers call in orders on their room phones, and students make deliveries.
By closing time at 9:20 a.m. , the shop usually sells 90 drinks.
“Whoever made the chi tea, Ms. Schatzman says it was good,”Christy McKinley, a second year student, announced recently, after hanging up the phone with the teacher.
The shop is called the Dixie PIT, which stands for Power in Transition. Although some of the students are not disabled, many are, the PIT helps them prepare for life after high school.
They learn not only how to run a coffee shop but also how to deal with their affairs. They keep a timecard and receive paychecks, which they keep in check registers.
Special-education teachers Kim Chevalier and Sue Casey introduced the Dixie PIT from a similar program at Kennesaw Mountain High School in Georgia.
Not that it was easy. Chevalier’s first problem to overcome was product-related. Should schools be selling coffee? What about sugar content?
Kenton County Food Service Director Ginger Gray helped. She made sure all the drinks, which use non-fat milk, fell within nutrition(营养) guidelines.
The whole school has joined in to help.
Teachers agreed to give up their lounge(休息室) in the mornings. Art students painted the name of the shop on the wall. Business students designed the paychecks. The basketball team helped pay for cups.
1.What is the text mainly about?
A. A best-selling coffee
B. A special educational program.
C. Government support for schools
D. A new type of teacher-student relationship.
2.The Dixie PIT program was introduced in order to .
A. raise money for school affairs
B. do some research on nutrition
C. develop students’ practical skills
D. supply teachers with drinks
3.How did Christy McKinley know Ms. Schatzman’s opinion of the chi tea?
A. She met her in the shop
B. She heard her telling others.
C. She talked to her on the phone
D. She went to her office to deliver the tea.
4.We know from the text that Ginger Gray .
A. manages the Dixie PIT program in Kenton County
B. sees that the drinks meet health standards
C. teaches at Dixie Heights High School
D. owns the school’s coffee shop
Medicine comes in lots of different packages. Painkillers in a tablet can make your headache go away. Antibiotic cream (抗菌素膏) from a tube can prevent your cuts from becoming infected. But can medicine come packaged in chicken eggs?
A team of scientists from Scotland say “yes”. They’ve engineered special chickens that lay eggs with disease-treating drugs inside.
These eggs come from chickens that have been engineered to produce certain drugs inside their egg whites.
These drugs are made of molecules called proteins(蛋白质). Animals make thousands of proteins — they’re the main element in skin, hair, milk and meat. Since animals can make proteins easily, they’re good candidates (候选者) for making protein drugs.
Researchers have already made cows, sheep and goats produce protein drugs in their milk. But chickens are cheaper to take care of, need less room, and grow faster than these other animals. Those qualities could make chickens a better choice to become living drug factories, says Simon Lillico of the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland.
Lillico and a team of researchers changed chickens’ DNA — the code that tells cells how to make proteins — so that the birds’ cells made two protein drugs. One drug can treat skin cancer, and the other treats a nerve disease called multiple sclerosis (多发性硬化).
The scientists changed the chickens’ DNA so that the birds made these drugs only in their egg whites. This protects the chickens’ bodies from the drugs’ possible harmful effects and makes it easy for scientists to collect the drugs.
1.If you cut your finger, you may use ________ to cure it.
A. painkillers in a tablet B. antibiotic cream from a tube
C. chicken eggs D. protein drugs
2.Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Scientists from Scotland have succeeded in packing medicine into chicken eggs.
B. The drugs are made of molecules called proteins.
C. Scientists chose chickens for their experiments because chicken eggs taste delicious.
D. The animals are good candidates for making protein drugs.
3.The drugs in special chicken eggs can ________.
A. treat lung cancer B. help reduce headache
C. change people’s DNA D. treat multiple sclerosis
4.We can infer from the passage that ________.
A. eating eggs is the best choice for the patients now
B. scientists changed the chicken’s DNA and put all the drugs in chicken eggs
C. we may eat special eggs as drugs when we are sick in the future
D. the drugs produce harmful effects on the chicken’s bodies
5.The best title for the passage is ________.
A. Chicken Eggs to Replace Medicine B. Chicken Eggs as Drug
C. Chicken Eggs and Medicine D. Chicken Eggs and Animal Milk
The rat is named Lola and she’s at the top of her class of risk-running animals being trained to smell out landmines (地雷) in Colombia, home to the world’s highest number of mine-related deaths and injuries last year. Of the victims, many are children who died in the accidents while walking to school or playing in the countryside.
The smartest rat among the first six that the government is teaching to locate landmines equipment planted by rebels(叛乱者) has a 90 percent success rate in locating landmines material in her lab training.
Police animal trainers, tired of seeing their landmines-smelling dogs blown up by stepping on mines, hope the white-furred, pink-eyed creature will lead her classmates through coming open field tests and then into the country mine fields before the end of the year. It takes about 400 grams of pressure to detonate (引爆) a mine while Lola only weighs about 220 grams. “The dogs can easily set off the landmines, sometimes killing people nearby,” they said.
Police animal trainer Jose Pineda says that rats have more sensitive noses than dogs, which should allow them to better smell out mines in difficult terrain (地形).
Plus, it takes the police about six months to train mine-smelling dogs. Training the rats is expected to take about half that time once the program is established.
Trainers think that they are much smarter than the dogs. The second-best scorer in the laboratory is Lucrecia, with an 83 percent success rate. Males, such as one named Runcho, have fallen behind until now but may do better in the coming field tests. Pineda said that the next step of training will present new challenges to the rats as they are sure to meet distractions (分心的事) in the open.
1.What do the underlined words “the accidents” in the first paragraph mean?
A. Children were shot while playing outside.
B. A buried landmine was walked on and set off.
C. A rebel blew up a landmine and killed children.
D. Children got hurt in traffic accidents on the way to school.
2.Which of the following is NOT a reason why rats are chosen to find buried landmines?
A. They have a good sense of smell.
B. They are too light to set off buried landmines.
C. They can smell all kinds of explosive materials.
D. They cost people less time in terms of training
3.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Rats will perform as well in the open air as in the lab.
B. Until now, female rats are better than the male ones.
C. Trainers should have chosen only female rats for the program.
D. Because they are foolish, dogs are not preferred for the program.
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Dogs Bring Peace to the People in Colombia
B. Colombia Develops a New Way to Reduce Deaths
C. Buried Landmines are a Great Danger to Colombians
D. Colombian Police Train Rats to Sniff Out Landmines
The question this week comes from our listener Herve Acard, who asks about the American word “OK”, which means “all right” or “acceptable”. It expresses agreement or approval. The word is used more often than any other word in the world.
Language expert Allen Walker Read said the word began as a short way of writing a different spelling of the words “all correct”. Old stories say some foreign-born people would write “all correct” as o-l-l k-o-r-r-e-c-t and spoke it as “OK”. Some people say it came from the Native American Indian tribe known as the Choctaws. The Choctaw word “okeh” means the same as the American word “OK”. Experts say early explorers in the Western America spoke the Choctaw language in the nineteenth century. The language spread across the country.
According to some people, “OK” was a way to shorten Greek words that mean everything is fine. It is also said that a railroad worker named Obadiah Kelly invented the word. He is said to have put the first letters of his names — O and K — on each object people gave him to place on the train.
Another explanation is that “OK” was invented by a political organization that supported Martin Van Buren for president in the 1800s. They called their organization the OK Club. The letters O and K were taken from the name of the town where Martin Van Buren was born — Old Kinderhook, New York.
Not everyone agrees with these explanations, but experts do agree that the word is purely American and has spread to almost every country on Earth. Yet in the United States, it is used mostly in speech. Serious writers prefer using words, such as “agree”, “approve” or “confirm” instead.
1.Where does the passage probably come from?
A. A newspaper. B. A textbook.
C. A radio program. D. A language magazine.
2.Of the following origins, which one has the same meaning as the American word “OK”?
A. The OK Club
B. The Choctaw word “okeh”
C. The word invented by Martin Van Buren
D. The short form of “all correct”
3.According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?
A. People disagree about the origin of “OK”.
B. “OK” is often used in formal writing in the USA.
C. The word “OK” is widely used all over the world.
D. Native American language once influenced American English.
Not too long ago, a story that happened at Walt Disney touched me greatly. A guest 46 out of our Polynesian Village resort(度假胜地) at Walt Disney was asked how she 47 her visit. She told the front-desk clerk she had had a(n) 48 vacation, but was heartbroken about 49 several rolls of Kodak color film(胶卷) she had not yet 50 . At that moment she was particularly 51 over the loss of the pictures she had shot at our Polynesian Luau, 52 this was a memory she especially treasured.
Now, please understand that we have no written service rules 53 lost photos in the park. 54 , the clerk at the front desk 55 Disney’s idea of caring for our 56 . She asked the woman to leave her a couple rolls of 57 film, promising she would take care of the rest of our show at Polynesian Luau.
Two weeks later the guest received a 58 at her home. In it were photos of all the actors of our show, 59 signed by each performer. There were also 60 of the public procession(游行队伍) and fireworks in the park, taken by the front-desk clerk in her own
61 after work. I happened to know this 62 because this guest wrote us a letter. She said that 63 in her life had she received such good service from any business.
Excellent 64 does not come from policy(政策性的) handbooks. It comes from people who 65 —and from a culture that encourages and shapes that attitude.
1.A.working B. checking C. trying D. staying
2.A.expected B. realized C. paid D. enjoyed
3.A.disappointingB. wonderful C. uncomfortableD. important
4.A.taking B. dropping C. losing D. breaking
5.A.developed B. taken C. washed D. loaded
6.A.silly B. nervous C. calm D. sad
7.A.when B. where C. as D. which
8.A.covering B. finding C. making D. keeping
9.A.Excitedly B. Fortunately C. Therefore D. Quietly
10.A.understood B. reminded C. created D. discovered
11.A.workers B. guests C. managers D. clerks
12.A.printed B. shot C. unused D. recorded
13.A.film B. card C. camera D. packet
14.A.frequently B. personally C. alone D. actually
15.A.rules B. pictures C. handbooks D. performances
16.A.case B. work C. time D. position
17.A.story B. place C. photo D. show
18.A.only B. almost C. never D. nearly
19.A.advice B. experience C. quality D. service
20.A.care B. explain C. like D. know
