A study led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health shows for the first time that exposure（接触）to green space during childhood may have beneficial（有益的）effects on brain development.
The study was performed among 253 schoolchildren from the BREATHE project in Barcelona (Spain). Lifelong exposure to green space in the living places was recorded—using the satellite—based information on the children's addresses from birth up through to the time of the study. Brain structure was studied using 3D MRI（核磁共振图像）. Working memory and inattentiveness were graded with computers.
The primary schoolchildren who have been raised in homes surrounded by more greenspace tend to present with larger volumes of white and grey matter in certain areas of the brain. These differences are connected with beneficial effects on cognitive function（认知功能）. Moreover, larger volumes of white and grey matter might lead to better working memory and less inattentiveness.
"This is the first study that shows the connection between long—term exposure to green space and brain structure." Says, the leading researcher of the study, "Our findings suggest that exposure to green space early in life could result in beneficial structural changes in the brain. It also shows the lasting effects of early life exposure to greenness on our health."
This study also suggests that it is beneficial to increase greenness in cities. Green space can provide children with chances for psychological restoration（心理康复）and prompt important exercises in discovery, creativity and risk taking. These exercises in turn positively（肯定地）influence different aspects of brain development. What's more, greener areas often have lower levels of air pollution, which could bring indirect benefits for brain development.
Anyway, further studies are needed to prove the findings in other populations, settings and climates. And researchers need to examine differences according to the nature and quality of green space.
1.The second paragraph is mainly about ________.
A.how the study was carried out B.what was recorded in the study
C.how long the study lasted D.who took part in the study
2.The word "prompt" in Paragraph 5 probably means " ________".
A.control B.encourage C.balance D.change
3.What can we learn from the passage?
A.Working memory influences white and grey matter in the brain.
B.Dr. Dadvand stressed the importance of changing the environment.
C.This study proved the influence of greenness on populations outside of Spain.
D.Larger volumes of white and grey matter might lead to better working memory.
4.What is the best title of the passage?
A.The greener space children grow up in, the longer they live.
B.Growing up in the green area may do good to brain development.
C.Early life exposure to greenness may have lasting effects on health.
D.More outdoor green space leads to a greater increase in inattentiveness.
Suppose you're in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.
In seconds after you've clicked "send", you realize it in horrors and burn with shame.
Here are four common email accidents, and how to make it right.
Clicking "send" too soon
Don't waste your time trying to find out if the receivers has read it yet. Write another email as quickly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version（版本）
Writing the wrong name
The sooner you notice, the better. Act quickly and briefly, saying sorry for your mistake. Don't take it too lightly, as you may offend（冒犯）people, especially if your mistake suggests a misunderstanding of their culture（i. e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).
Clicking "reply all" by accident
You accidentally let the whole company know what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you'd like to take. In this instance, the best way is to send a quick, light—hearted apology（道歉）. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting "reply all" to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this case, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.
Sending an offensive message to its subject
The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger（愤怒）. You write an unkind message about someone, planning to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you're discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations（沮丧）calmly and smartly—see it as a chance to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.
1.If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ________.
A.say sorry in a serious manner B.tell the receiver to forget it
C.learn to write the name correctly D.send a short notice to everyone
2.What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your "reply all" email?
A.Try offering other choices. B.Avoid further discussion.
C.Meet other staff members. D.Make a light—hearted apology.
3.How should you solve the problem caused by an offensive email?
A.By promising not to offend the receiver again.
B.By turning to the receiver's friends for support.
C.By asking the receiver to control his anger.
D.By talking to the receiver face to face.
4.What is the passage mainly about?
A.Describing email mistakes. B.Reducing email mistakes.
C.Dealing with email accidents. D.Improving email writing.
Fern pushed a chair out of the way and ran outdoors. The grass was wet and the earth smelled of spring time. Fern's shoes were wet by the time she caught up with her father.
"Please don't kill it! " she cried. "It's unfair."
Mr Arable stopped walking. "Fern," he said gently, "you will have to learn to control yourself."
"Control myself?" shouted Fern. "This is a matter of life and death, and you talk about controlling myself. " Tears ran down her cheeks and she took hold of the ax and tried to pull it out of her father's hand to stop him killing the poor little pig.
"Fern," said Mr Arable, "I know more about raising a litter of pigs than you do. A weak thing makes trouble. Now run along! "
"But it's unfair," cried Fern. "The pig couldn't help being born small, could it? If I had been very small at birth, would you have killed me?"
Mr Arable smiled. "Certainly not," he said, looking down at his daughter with love. "But this is different. A little girl is one thing, a little runty pig is another."
"I see no difference," replied Fern, still hanging on to the ax. "This is the most terrible case of murderer I have ever heard of."
A strange look came over John Arable's face. He seemed almost ready to cry himself. "All right," he said. "You go back to the house and I will bring the runt（发育不全的矮小动物）when I come in. I'll let you start it on a bottle, like a baby. Then you'll see what trouble a pig can be. "
1.This passage would most likely be found in a book of ________.
A.novel B.travel C.nature D.history
2.The underline word "ax" in the passage means“
A.something to keep the pig alive B.something to help the weak little pig
C.something to kill the little pig D.something to stop Mr Arable
3.Why did Fern say "it's unfair" once more to her father?
A.Fern thought it was a big trouble to raise a small pig like this.
B.Fern thought nobody could choose to be strong or weak at birth.
C.If Fern had been small at birth, Mr Arable would be sure to kill her.
D.If the pig was born small, Mr Arable would go on raising it to be strong.
4.It can be inferred from the passage that Fern was________.
A.shy B.brave C.kind—hearted D.patient
The World's Longest Rivers
River | Length | Location |
Nile | 4,132 miles (6,650 km) | Africa |
Amazon | 4,000 miles (6,400 km) | South America |
Chang Jiang(Yangtze) | 3,915 miles (6,300 km) | China |
Mississippi—Missouri—Red Rock | 3,902 miles (6,275 km) | United States |
Ob | 3,364 miles (5,410 km) | Russia |
Fast Facts
The Nile River passes through 9 countries: Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
The Amazon is second in length but first in amount of water carried and area of land drained（排水）.
Chang Jiang is the longest river in Asia and the third—longest in the world. The river is the longest in the world to flow wholly within one country.
The Missouri and Red Rock Rivers are considered tributaries (a stream or river that flows into a main river) of the Mississippi.
The Mississippi river system goes through only one country: the United States.
The Ob River is a major river in western Siberia, Russia and is the world's seventh longest river.
1.How are the rivers listed in the table?
A.From northernmost to southernmost. B.From widest to narrowest.
C.From longest to shortest. D.By greatest to least volume（体积）.
2.Why are the Mississippi, Missouri, and Red Rock Rivers grouped together in the river?
A.All three are the same length. B.They all flow to the Amazon.
C.They are all rivers in North America. D.They are part of the same river system.
3.Which river is the longest in the world that goes through only one country?
A.Nile. B.Chang Jiang. C.Amazon. D.Ob.
I'm Huckleberry Finn. It doesn't matter if you haven't heard of me. You will hear a lot about me and my ___________ Tom Sawyer.
Some days ago, Tom and I found a pile of gold that robbers had hidden in a cave. ___________ got $6, 000 each. That's a lot of money!
Judge Thatcher put that money in the bank for us and gave us one dollar a ___________ . That's enough for me to spend in one day, but Tom can always think of something to spend money on.
I lived by myself for some time ___________ my father ran off. I had no idea where he went. But the Widow Douglas took a ___________ on me and took me in to live with her. She thought I didn't behave like a gentleman. She always reminded me of my ___________ . "Huckleberry, ___________ behind your ears when washing your face. " "Huckleberry, don't eat with hour fingers, use the knife and the fork ___________ . " "Huckleberry, clean your shoes before you come in. " It seemed that she could never say my ___________without some reminder.
And she made me wear new clothes. They were so small that I could ____________ breathe in them. I didn't like the way she was trying to make a ____________ of me. So I ____________ in my old clothes.
I didn't go far before my best friend Tom found me. "You have to ____________ , " Tom said, "I'm thinking about starting a band of robbers. We need you to be a part of it. Only respectable people can join us. " I didn't much like that plan, ____________ I went back anyway.
The widow cried when she saw me. "Oh, Huck, I was so ____________when I couldn't find you. My poor boy" She put fine clothes back on me.
1.A.brother B.teacher C.friend D.cousin
2.A.I B.He C.We D.They
3.A.day B.week C.month D.year
4.A.if B.unless C.because D.so
5.A.pity B.time C.regret D.notice
6.A.fashions B.impressions C.actions D.manners
7.A.move B.fill C.check D.wash
8.A.otherwise B.instead C.therefore D.especially
9.A.face B.ears C.father D.name
10.A.mainly B.hardly C.truly D.mostly
11.A.lady B.robber C.boy D.gentleman
12.A.ran away B.ran down C.put away D.put off
13.A.come in B.come back C.go out D.go away
14.A.before B.but C.or D.as
15.A.excited B.interested C.satisfied D.worried
-What a heavy box! Would you like me to give you a hand?
-_________________. I'm afraid I can't carry it alone.
A.You're welcome B.That's all right C.It’s a pleasure D.It's kind of you
