Question

    A new study shows that negative ( 消极的) punishments to dogs while training can bring long-term bad effects to the animal. The latest study paid attention to some dogs for humans. Such dogs are often thought of as part of the family and need training on how to behave around people.

Researchers from Portugual’s University of Porto led the study. The researchers carried out experiments including two kinds of dog training methods — reward-based and aversive( 令人厌恶的). Reward-based methods include giving the dog food or praise when the animal completes wanted behavior. Aversive methods depend on the use of some kinds of negative actions, such as shouting, pushing or pulling the dog to let it do something.

The study included 92 dogs. 42 of them got reward-based training and the others received aversive training. Researchers did these experiments to find both short-term and long-term effects of the two training methods.

Researchers recorded the training. They reported that dogs from the aversive training group have more stress-related behavior than those in the reward-based group. It clearly shows the short-term effects of aversive training methods.

In order to find the long-term effects, the dogs took part in an exercise for about a month after the training. The dogs were put in a room with food bowls. Researchers looked at how quickly and excitedly the dogs went to the bowls. The researchers reported that after getting aversive training, the dogs were more “pessimistic (悲观的)” in behavior than those getting reward-based training.

1.Why do dogs need training on how to behave around people?

A.Because people see them as family members. B.Because people see them as friends.

C.Because people see as travel guides. D.Because people see them as the police.

2.What does the second paragraph mainly tell us?

A.Researchers of the study. B.Two kinds of ways to train dogs.

C.Good behavior of dogs. D.The reasons to do the study.

3.What CANNOT we know in the passage?

A.The researchers are from Portugual’s University of Porto.

B.Reward-based methods include praising dogs.

C.Dogs would be excited after getting aversive training.

D.Shouting to dogs often is harmful to them.

4.What’s the best title of the passage?

A.Groups of dog trainers. B.The experiences with dog training.

C.How to let dogs behave well. D.Negative punishments are bad for dogs.

Answer

1.A

2.B

3.C

4.D

【解析】

文章大意：文章主要讲的是一项新的研究表明，训练时对狗的负面惩罚会给动物带来长期的不良影响。

1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二、三行“Such dogs are often thought of as part of the family and need training on how to behave around people”“这种狗通常被认为是家庭的一部分，需要训练如何在人周围表现得体”，故选A。

2.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段第一、二行“The researchers carried out experiments including two kinds of dog training methods”“研究人员进行了包括两种狗的训练方法的实验”可知，第二段主要告诉了我们两种训练狗的方式，故选B。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一行“Researchers from Portugual’s University of Porto led the study”“Portugual’s University of Porto的研究人员开始了这项研究”可知，A说法是正确的；根据文章第二段第三、四行“Reward-based methods include giving the dog food or praise when the animal completes wanted behavior”“基于奖励的方法包括当动物完成想要的行为时给予狗食物或表扬”可知，B说法是正确的；根据文章第四段第一、二行“They reported that dogs from the aversive training group have more stress-related behavior than those in the reward-based group”“他们报告说，来自厌恶训练组的狗比那些基于奖励的组有更多的与压力相关的行为”可知，C说法是错误的；根据文章第一段第一、二行“A new study shows that negative ( 消极的) punishments to dogs while training can bring long-term bad effects to the animal”“一项新的研究表明，训练时对狗的负面惩罚会给动物带来长期的不良影响”可知，D说法是正确的，故选C。

4.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第一、二行“A new study shows that negative ( 消极的) punishments to dogs while training can bring long-term bad effects to the animal”“一项新的研究表明，训练时对狗的负面惩罚会给动物带来长期的不良影响”可知，文章主要讲的是消极的惩罚对狗是有害的，故选D。