Tedy、Rusial、Mr Green、Tim 和Ms Denis 要参观博物...

    Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination(歧视) have been made illegal. But one popular form continues to exist, that is alphabetism (字母排序法). This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames (姓氏) begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

    It has long been known that the cars of a taxi firm called AAAA have a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers look through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbot has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a quite large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.

    Thus the American presidents and vice-presidents have surnames starting with B and C separately and 26 of those before George Bush took office (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi ). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. The same case are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffet and so on).

    Can this merely happen by chance? At the start of the first year in primary school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So shortsighted Zysman gets stuck in the back row, and is seldom asked the improving questions by those teachers. At that time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.

    The unfairness continues. At university graduation parties, the ABCs proudly get their awards first. However, by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are a little tired. Lists of job interviews and conference speakers and attendees all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their readers lose interest as they plough through them.

1.What does the author intend to show with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?

    A. An example of competition of two kinds of cars.  B. Some advantages of AAAA cars in the taxi firm.

    C. An example of unfairness caused by alphabetism.  D. Some disadvantages of Zodiac cars in the taxi firm.

2.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

    A. The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.

    B. In both East and West, names are important to success.

    C. Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.

    D. The discrimination in alphabetism can be found in many areas.

3.The fourth paragraph suggests that         .

    A. alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class

    B. teachers should pay equal attention to all their students

    C. questions are often put to the more intelligent students

    D. students should be seated according to their eyesight

4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

    A. VIPs in the western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.

    B. People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill – treated.

    C. Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional unfairness.

    D. The movement to get rid of alphabetism still has a long way to go.

    Learners report two main difficulties in reading, which may be linked. There are too many unknown words and as a result reading is simply not a pleasure. For some students, even reading in their own language is a chore.

　　Having a wide vocabulary is essential to making sense of written language. Of course, this is a circular argument, because the more you read the more vocabulary you learn and the more words you know the more easily you can read. Don’t make the mistake of reading with your dictionary beside you, looking up every single new or doubtful word. This is laborious and prevents you from practicing the skill of prediction.

　　Sometimes in reading you find a word you know but the sense doesn’t seem to fit in. This is not surprising because words have so many meanings and degrees of meaning. What is more, part of their meaning is shaped by the words around them. Keep looking at the surrounding words and asking yourself “what sort of meaning would make sense here?”

　　The more that people study the reading process, the better they can pass on to language learners a range of advice to choose from. People have learned to read in all kinds of ways. Here is some information that could help you plan to be a better reader in the foreign language you are studying.

　　1）Work out the general meaning first

　　When people read in a new language they often feel they must take a detailed approach, focusing on every word, particularly those they don’t know. They read as if they were using a microscope, looking carefully at each of the small pieces（the individual words）, but not necessarily seeing the whole picture at first. This is called the “bottom-up” approach. Other readers try to look first at the big picture（the “top-down” approach）, attending to individual bricks only as necessary, a process that involves some intelligent guesswork. Generally this second approach is recommended by successful learners.

　　2）Interactive reading

　　Another way of thinking about reading is to describe it as an interactive process, where the text brings something to you and you bring something to the text. Readers bring together all their knowledge of the world with what they see on the page in front of them. That is why, when reading in our own language, we don’t need to read every word. We add meaning which is not actually stated.

　　3）From supported reading to independent reading

　　Language learners start by needing considerable support as they read. Textbooks supply this support in the form of introductions that summaries the contents, glossaries, pictures, explanations of new grammar points. In your reading you need to move gradually from this support to reading more the text itself.

1.According to the author, ________.

A. looking up the dictionary is of great help for the understanding

B. reading more promotes the gaining of vocabulary

    C. the more you read, the less useful the dictionary will be

    D. the amount of vocabulary is the key to reading

2.Successful learners recommend ________.

A. trying to look first at the big picture  B. looking carefully at each of the small pieces

C. focusing on every word       D. “bottom-up” approach

3.The word “chore” in the first paragraph maybe means ________.

A. an important aspect      B. a difficult and tiring thing

C. an easy question     D. something special

4.You come across a new or doubtful word when you are reading, you can ________.

A. just miss it and let it be       B. keep looking at the surrounding words

C. look it up in the dictionary each time   D. make sense of it with the help of dictionary

    Dye (染料) call bring a little colour to life. Most clothing is coloured with dyes. Modern，manufactured dyes can be costly. Natural dyes from plant and animal products have been used since ancient times. Here we describe a natural way to dye wool.

    There are several methods to put dye onto material. The vat（缸）method，for example，can be used to dye wool with onionskins. For this example，use one hundred grams of natural woo1. The wool must be clean. Leave it overnight in water and liquid soap. Then wash it with clean water that is a little warm. Gently squeeze out the extra water.   

    A solution called a mordant (媒染) is used in the dying process. A mordant helps fix the dye to the material. Traditionally, mordants were found in nature. Wood ash is one example. But chemical mordants such as alum（矾）are popular today. Alum is sold in many stores. It is often mixed with cream of tartar, a fine powder commonly used in cooking.

    Mix eight grams of alum with seven grams of cream of tartar in a small amount of hot water. Add the solution to a metal pan of cool water. Next, add the wool and place the mixture over heat. Slowly bring the liquid to eighty-two degrees Celsius. Heat the mixture for forty five minutes. After it cools, remove the wool and wash it.

    To prepare the dye solution, cover thirty grams of onionskins with water. Use only the dry，brown outer skins. Boil the liquid until the onionskins lose their colour, about forty—five minutes. Remove the skins after the dye cools.

    Now it is time to dye the wool. Place the wool into the dye and heat the mixture. Bring it to a boil，then immediately reduce the heat to eighty-two degrees. Now heat the dye for about forty-five minutes or until the wool is the desired colour. Keep in mind that wet wool looks darker than it is.

    Once the dye cools, remove the wool and wash it. Now the wool is orange or yellow. Or at least it should be.

1.According to the passage, mordants are ___________.

    A. dyes used in the dying process   B. materials which will be put dye to

    C. wood ashes used in the dying process     D. not dyes but play an important role in the dying process

2.Which of the following statements about “natural dyes” is TRUE?

    A. They might be cheaper than chemical dyes.   B. They are more expensive than chemical dyes.

    C. They have been used for only recent years.       D. They are all made from animal products.

3.As for the vat method，which of the following things is NOT necessarily needed?

    A. Ash.         B. Water.       C. Mordant.     D. Temperature.

4.Choose the proper order of dying wool：

  a. boil the liquid with onionskins

  b. add mordants to a metal pan of cool water ,put the wool into it and heat the mixture

  c. wash the wool with clean water after it is left overnight in water and liquid soap

  d. put the wool into the dye and heat it

    A. c, b, a, d          B. d, c, d, a   C. b, a, d, c         D. a, b, c, d

Bayfield Shopping Coupons (赠券)

1.What are these ads for?

  A. Food you can order for delivery.       B. Places to go on vacation.

  C. Special offers at a shopping center.   D. Things on sale in a big store.

2.Which of the following is true according to the ads?

  A. Spending $50 means 3 hours of free parking.

  B. One person can buy 5 tickets for the price of three.

  C. After buying two CDs, you can get another two CDs for free.

  D. At Mike’s Café, people can get a free drink after spending $6.

3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned at this mall?

    A. Clothes store.       B. Music store.    C. Restaurant.      D. Toy store.

4.We can know from this passage ________.

    A. there is more than on theater in the center.

    B. if you buy a book there, you may pay less than half the price.

    C. you may get a free on if you buy a shirt, or a tie, or a pair of shoes.

    D. you won’t get a free soft drink unless you spend more than 10 dollars on the meal.

The Pillow

    At the age of sixteen, I joined a volunteer group with my dad. I went on my first volunteer project in West Virginia. On the night we arrived, we discovered that “our family” was living in a trailer (拖车) that was in poor condition. A crew had been working on it for two weeks, but every time they finished one problem, another surfaced.

    We decided the only reasonable solution was to build a new house—something unusual but necessary under these circumstances. The family was overjoyed with their new house that was twenty by thirty feet with three bedrooms, a bath and a kitchen.

    On Tuesday of that week, while we ate lunch together, I asked the family’s three boys, Josh, Eric and Ryan, “What do you want for your new room?” Expecting toys and other gadgets that children usually ask for, we were astonished when Josh responded, “I just want a bed.”

    The boys had never slept in a bed! They were accustomed to plastic mats. That night we had a meeting and decided that beds would be the perfect gift. On Thursday night, a few adults in our group drove to the nearest city and bought beds and new bedding.

    When we saw the delivery truck coming, we told the family about the surprise. We could hardly contain ourselves. It was like watching excited children on Christmas morning.

    That afternoon, as we fitted the frames of the beds together, Eric ran into the house to watch us. Too dirty to enter his room, he observed with wide-eyed enthusiasm from the doorway.

    As my father slipped a pillowcase onto one of the pillows, Eric asked, “What is that?”

    “A pillow,” he replied.

    “What do you do with it?” Eric continued to ask.

“When you go to sleep, you put your head on it,” I answered softly. Tears came to my eyes as my father handed Eric the pillow.

    “Oh…that’s soft,” he said, hugging it tightly.

    Now, when my sister or I start to ask for something that seems urgent, my dad gently asks, “Do you have a pillow?”

We know exactly what he means.

1.The writer’s first volunteer project was ______.

    A. working on a poor trailer    B. helping a poor family

    C. donating beds and bedding    D. dealing with a housing problem

2.On hearing Josh’s answer, the writer was shocked because ______. 

   A. the family lived in a trailer     B. he expected to get some toys

   C. he didn’t know what a bed was    D. the boys had no bed to sleep in

3.From the passage, we can learn that Eric had never seen ______ before.

    A. a trailer    B. a truck C. a pillow     D. a house

4.By saying “Do you have a pillow?”, the writer’s father means that ______.  

    A. what they want to get may be unnecessary B. they should not waste money on small things

    C. they should do more volunteer work for the poor D. what he will buy is not what they want but a pillow